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β-Lactoglobulin is the major whey protein of cow and sheep's milk (~3 g/l), and is also present in many other mammalian species; a notable exception being humans. Its structure, properties and biological role have been reviewed many times. 〔Hambling, S. G., A. S. McAlpine, and L. Sawyer. 1992. Advanced Dairy Chemistry: 1. Proteins, chapter: Beta-lactoglobulin. Elsevier Applied Science, 141–190.〕〔Sawyer, L., and G. Kontopidis. 2000. The core lipocalin, bovine beta-lactoglobulin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1482:136–48.〕〔Kontopidis, G., C. Holt, and L. Sawyer. 2004. Invited review: beta-lactoglobulin: binding properties, structure, and function. J Dairy Sci 87:785–96.〕 == Structure and role == Unlike the other main whey protein, α-lactalbumin, no clear function has been identified for β-lactoglobulin, although it binds to several hydrophobic molecules, suggesting its role in their transport. The strong suggestion is that the molecule exists primarily as a food source. Several genetic variants have been identified, the main ones in the cow being labelled A and B. Because of its abundance and ease of purification, it has been subjected to a wide range of biophysical studies. Its structure has been determined several times by X-ray crystallography and NMR. One such structure is shown on the right (from http://www.pdb.org entry 3BLG). β-lactoglobulin is of direct interest to the food industry since its properties can variously be advantageous or disadvantageous in dairy products and processing 〔Jost, R. 1993. Functional characteristics of dairy proteins. Trends in Food Science & Technology 4:283–288.〕 Bovine β-lactoglobulin is a relatively small protein of 162 residues, with an 18.4 kDa molecular weight (1 dalton being defined as 1 unified atomic mass unit). In physiological conditions it is predominantly dimeric, but dissociates to a monomer below about pH 3, preserving its native state as determined by using NMR.〔Uhrinova, S., M. H. Smith, G. B. Jameson, D. Uhrin, L. Sawyer, and P. N. Barlow. 2000. Structural changes accompanying pH-induced dissociation of the beta-lactoglobulin dimer. Biochemistry 39:3565–74.〕 Conversely, β-lactoglobulin also occurs in tetrameric,〔Timasheff, S.N., and Townend, R. 1964. Structure of the β-Lactoglobulin Tetramer. Nature 203:517-519.〕 octameric〔Gottschalk, M., Nilsson, H., Roos, H., and Halle, B. 2003. Protein self-association in solution: The bovine β -lactoglobulin dimer and octamer. Protein Sci. 12:2404–2411.〕 and other multimeric〔Rizzuti, B., Zappone, B., De Santo, M.P., Guzzi, R. 2010. Native β-Lactoglobulin Self-Assembles into a Hexagonal Columnar Phase on a Solid Surface, Langmuir 26:1090–1095.〕 aggregation forms under a variety of natural conditions. β-Lactoglobulin solutions form gels in various conditions, when the native structure is sufficiently destabilised to allow aggregation.〔Bromley, E. H. C., M. R. H. Krebs, and A. M. Donald. 2005. Aggregation across the length scales in beta-lactoglobulin. Faraday Discussions. 128:13–27.〕 Under prolonged heating at low pH and low ionic strength, a transparent `fine-stranded' gel is formed, in which the protein molecules assemble into long stiff fibres. Folding intermediates for this protein can be studied using light spectroscopy and denaturant. Such experiments interestingly show an unusual but important intermediate composed purely of alpha helices, despite the fact that the native structure is beta sheet. Evolution has probably selected for the helical intermediate to avoid aggregation during the folding process.〔Kuwajima K., Yamaya H. & Sugai S. 1996. The Burst-phase Intermediate in the Refolding of beta-Lactoglobulin Studied by Stopped-flow Circular Dichroism and Absorption Spectroscopy. Journal of Molecular Biology, 264:806-822.〕 As milk is a known allergen (as listed in Annex IIIa of Directive 2000/13/EC), manufacturers need to prove the presence or absence of β-lactoglobulin to ensure their labelling satisfies the requirements of the aforementioned directive. Food testing laboratories can use ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) methods to identify and quantify β-lactoglobulin in food products. Laboratory polymerization of β-lactoglobulin by microbial transglutaminase reduces its allergenicity in children and adults with an IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy.〔Olivier CE, Lima RP, Pinto DG, Santos RA, Silva GK, Lorena SL, Villas-Boas MB, Netto FM, Zollner Rde L: In search of a tolerance-induction strategy for cow's milk allergies: significant reduction of beta-lactoglobulin allergenicity via transglutaminase/cysteine polymerization. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012, 67(10):1171-1179.(PDF )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Beta-lactoglobulin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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