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Beirut ((アラビア語:بيروت) '; Biblical Hebrew: בְּאֵרוֹת ''Be'erot''; Hebrew: ביירות ''Beirut''; Latin: ''Berytus''; (フランス語:Beyrouth); (トルコ語:Beyrut); (アルメニア語:Պէյրութ ''Beyrut'')〔Պէյրութ ''Peyrut'' is in Western Armenian, spoken by Lebanese Armenians. In Eastern Armenian, the variation used in Armenia the city's name is Բեյրութ ''Beyrut''.〕) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. No recent population census has been done but in 2007 estimates ranged from slightly more than 1 million to slightly less than 2 million as part of Greater Beirut. Located on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon's Mediterranean coast, Beirut is the country's largest and main seaport. The first mention of this metropolis is found in the ancient Egyptian Tell el Amarna letters dating from the 15th century BC. The city has been inhabited continuously since then. The Beirut River runs south to north on the eastern edge of the city. Beirut is Lebanon's seat of government and plays a central role in the Lebanese economy, with many banks and corporations based in its Central District, Hamra Street, Rue Verdun and Ashrafieh. Following the destructive Lebanese Civil War, Beirut's cultural landscape underwent major reconstruction.〔(Reconstruction of Beirut ), Macalester College〕〔(Lebanon's Reconstruction: A Work in Progress ), VOA News 〕〔(Beirut: Between Memory And Desire ), Worldview〕 Identified and graded for accountancy, advertising, banking/finance and law, Beirut is ranked as a Beta World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GAWC World Cities - The World's Most Important Cities )〕 ==Archaeology and prehistory== Several prehistoric archaeological sites were discovered within the urban area of Beirut, revealing flint tools of sequential periods dating from the Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic through the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. ''Beirut I'', or ''Minet el Hosn'', was listed as ''"Beyrouth ville"'' by Louis Burkhalter and said to be on the beach near the Orent and Bassoul hotels on the Avenue des Français in central Beirut.〔Burkhalter, L., Bibliographie préhistorique (à suivre) (List of prehistoric sites, continuation and end), Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth. Tome VIII, 1946–1948, Beyrouth, in-4° br., 173 pages.〕〔Burkhalter L., Bibliographie préhistorique (suite et fin) (List of prehistoric sites, continuation and end), Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth. Tome IX, 1949–1950, Beyrouth, in-4° br., 117 pages.〕 The site was discovered by Lortet in 1894 and discussed by Godefroy Zumoffen in 1900. The flint industry from the site was described as Mousterian and is held by the Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon. ''Beirut II'', or ''Umm el Khatib'', was suggested by Burkhalter to have been south of Tarik el Jedideh, where P.E. Gigues discovered a Copper Age flint industry at around 100 meters above sea level. The site had been built on and destroyed by 1948.〔 ''Beirut III'', ''Furn esh Shebbak'' or ''Plateau Tabet'', was suggested to have been located on the left bank of the Beirut River. Burkhalter suggested that it was west of the Damascus road, although this determination has been criticized by Lorraine Copeland.〔 P. E. Gigues discovered a series of Neolithic flint tools on the surface along with the remains of a structure suggested to be a hut circle. Auguste Bergy discussed polished axes that were also found at this site, which has now completely disappeared as a result of construction and urbanization of the area.〔Bergy, Auguste. "La paléolithique ancien stratifié à Ras Beyrouth". ''Mélanges de l'Université Saint Joseph'', Volume 16, 5–6, 1932.〕 ''Beirut IV'', or ''Furn esh Shebbak, river banks'', was also on the left bank of the river and on either side of the road leading eastwards from the Furn esh Shebbak police station towards the river that marked the city limits. The area was covered in red sand that represented Quaternary river terraces. The site was found by Jesuit Father Dillenseger and published by fellow Jesuits Godefroy Zumoffen,〔 Raoul Describes〔Describes, Raoul. "Quelques ateliers paléolithiques des environs de Beyrouth", ''Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph'', Volume VII, 1921.〕 and Auguste Bergy.〔 Collections from the site were made by Bergy, Describes and another Jesuit, Paul Bovier-Lapierre. A large number of Middle Paleolithic flint tools were found on the surface and in side gullies that drain into the river. They included around 50 varied bifaces accredited to the Acheulean period, some with a lustrous sheen, now held at the Museum of Lebanese Prehistory. Henri Fleisch also found an Emireh point amongst material from the site, which has now disappeared beneath buildings. ''Beirut V'', or ''Nahr Beirut'' (Beirut River), was discovered by Dillenseger and said to be in an orchard of mulberry trees on the left bank of the river, near the river mouth, and to be close to the railway station and bridge to Tripoli. Levallois flints and bones and similar surface material were found amongst brecciated deposits.〔Karge, P., Rephaim : Die Vorgeschichtliche Kultur Palästinas und Phöniziens, Paderborn (First edition), 1917–1918〕 The area has now been built on.〔Zumoffen, Godefroy., L'âge de la Pierre en Phénicie, L'Anthropologie, Volume 8, page 272, 1898.〕 ''Beirut VI'', or ''Patriarchate'', was a site discovered while building on the property of the Lebanese Evangelical School for Girls in the Patriarchate area of Beirut. It was notable for the discovery of a finely styled Canaanean blade javelin suggested to date to the ''Néolithique Ancien'' or ''Néolithique Moyen'' periods of Byblos and which is held in the school library.〔 ''Beirut VII'', or ''Rivoli Cinema'' and ''Byblos Cinema'' sites near the Bourj in the Rue el Arz area, are two sites discovered by Lorraine Copeland and Peter Wescombe in 1964 and examined by Diana Kirkbride and Roger Saidah. One site was behind the parking lot of the Byblos Cinema and showed collapsed walls, pits, floors, charcoal, pottery and flints. The other, overlooking a cliff west of the Rivoli Cinema, was composed of three layers resting on limestone bedrock. Fragments of blades and broad flakes were recovered from the first layer of black soil, above which some Bronze Age pottery was recovered in a layer of grey soil. Pieces of Roman pottery and mosaics were found in the upper layer.〔 Middle Bronze Age tombs were found in this area, and the ancient tell of Beirut is thought to be in the Bourj area.〔Lauffray, J., Forums et monuments de Béryte, BULLETIN DU MUSEE DE BEYROUTH. Tome VII, 1944–1945, Beyrouth, in-4° br., 124 pages dont 4 de texte arabe, 29 planches hors-texte.〕 The Phoenician port of Beirut was located between Rue Foch and Rue Allenby on the north coast. The port or harbor was excavated and reported on several years ago and now lies buried under the city. Another suggested port or dry dock was claimed to have been discovered ~1 km to the west, in 2011 by a team of Lebanese archaeologists from the Directorate General of Antiquities of Lebanese University. Controversy arose on 26 June 2012 when authorization was given by Lebanese Minister of Culture Gaby Layoun for a private company called Venus Towers Real Estate Development Company to destroy the ruins (archaeological site BEY194) in the $500 million construction project of three skyscrapers and a garden behind Hotel Monroe in downtown Beirut. Two later reports by an international committee of archaeologists appointed by Layoun, including Hanz Curver, and an expert report by Ralph Pederson, a member of the institute of Nautical Archaeology and now teaching at Marburg in Germany, dismissed the claims that the trenches were a port, on various criteria. The exact function of site BEY194 may now never be discovered, and the issue raised heated emotions and led to increased coverage on the subject of Lebanese heritage in the press.〔("Phoenician Port in Beirut faces Mega Project", Van Meguerditchian, The Daily Star Lebanon, June 25, 2012. )〕〔Ralph K. Pederson, Archaeological Assessment Report on the Venus Towers Site (BEY 194), Beirut - For the Venus Towers Real Estate Development Company, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 30 May - 3 June 2012.〕〔(Justin Salhani, Archaeological report: Razed ruins not Phoenician port" ), ''The Daily Star'', Lebanon, 29 June 2012.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Beirut」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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