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Bhand
Bhānds (Devnagri: भांड, Urdu: بھانڈ, Gurmukhi: ਭੰਡ) are the traditional folk entertainers of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal. In India and Nepal, the Bhand are now an endogamous Muslim community, which is no longer involved in their traditional occupation of folk entertainment. They include actors, dancers, minstrels, storytellers and impressionists.
Payment for performances is usually voluntary: often, one performer goes around the audience collecting money on a "pay-what-you-can" basis while the others continue to perform.〔 While most ''bhands'' belong to families that are engaged in folk entertainment as their hereditary profession, their specific art forms vary greatly by region, community and language. The term ''bhand'' itself can also mean both a specific dramatic story or an entire form/school of drama.
== Bhand of Uttar Pradesh ==
In Uttar Pradesh, the Bhand are an endogamous Muslim community. Their ancestors were employed at the court of the various local rulers as folk entertainers, in particular at the court of the Nawabs of Awadh. Most Bhand in Uttar Pradesh are no longer involved with folk entertainment. What now binds the community is a sense of stigmaticism attached to the community on account of their ancestral occupation. They are now mainly involved in wage labour, many Lucknow city are rickshaw puller. Little is known about the origin of this community, other than the fact that their ancestors were ''bhands''. The community has now been granted Other Backward Class status, which gives the community some benefits with regards reservation in public sector jobs. They are Sunni Muslims, and speak Urdu, and rarely dialects of Hindi. The Naqqal sub-group has done better, and now prefer the self-designation Kashmiri Shaikh. They are now a community of successful businessmen.〔People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part One edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 261 to 262 Manohar Publications〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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