|
Bhāskara (also known as Bhāskarācārya ("Bhāskara the teacher"), and as Bhāskara II to avoid confusion with Bhāskara I) (1114–1185), was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. He was born in Bijapur in modern Karnataka.〔Mathematical Achievements of Pre-modern Indian Mathematicians by T.K Puttaswamy p.331〕 Bhāskara and his works represent a significant contribution to mathematical and astronomical knowledge in the 12th century. He has been called the greatest mathematician of medieval India. His main work ''Siddhānta Shiromani,'' (Sanskrit for "Crown of Treatises") is divided into four parts called ''Lilāvatī'', ''Bījagaṇita'', ''Grahagaṇita'' and ''Golādhyāya'', which are also sometimes considered four independent works.〔 These four sections deal with arithmetic, algebra, mathematics of the planets, and spheres respectively. He also wrote another treatise named Karaṇa Kautūhala.〔 Bhāskara's work on calculus predates Newton and Leibniz by over half a millennium. He is particularly known in the discovery of the principles of differential calculus and its application to astronomical problems and computations. While Newton and Leibniz have been credited with differential and integral calculus, there is strong evidence to suggest that Bhāskara was a pioneer in some of the principles of differential calculus. He was perhaps the first to conceive the differential coefficient and differential calculus. ==Date, place, and family== Bhāskara gives his date of birth, and date of composition of his major work, in a verse in the Āryā metre:〔 This reveals that he was born in 1036 of the Śaka era (1114 CE), and that he composed the Siddhānta Śiromaṇī when he was 36 years old.〔 He also wrote another work called the ''Karaṇa-kutūhala'' when he was 69 (in 1183).〔 His works show the influence of Brahmagupta, Sridhara, Mahāvīra, Padmanābha and other predecessors.〔 He was born near Vijjadavida (believed to be Bijjaragi of Vijayapur in modern Karnataka). Bhāskara is said to have been the head of an astronomical observatory at Ujjain, the leading mathematical center of medieval India. He lived in the Sahyadri region (Patnadevi, in Jalgaon district, Maharashtra). History records his great-great-great-grandfather holding a hereditary post as a court scholar, as did his son and other descendants. His father Mahesvara (Maheśvaropādhyāya〔) was a mathematician, astronomer〔 and astrologer, who taught him mathematics, which he later passed on to his son Loksamudra. Loksamudra's son helped to set up a school in 1207 for the study of Bhāskara's writings. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bhāskara II」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|