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Bhavana
''Bhāvanā'' (Pali;〔Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 503, entry for "Bhāvanā," retrieved 9 Dec 2008 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:3558.pali.〕 Sanskrit, also ''bhāvana''〔Monier-Williams (1899), p. 755, see "Bhāvana" and "Bhāvanā," retrieved 9 Dec 2008 from "U. Cologne" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0755-bhAvodaya.pdf.〕) literally means "development"〔See various translations cited in the notes below.〕 or "cultivating"〔Matthieu Ricard has said this in a talk.〕 or "producing"〔〔 in the sense of "calling into existence."〔Nyanatiloka (1980), p. 67.〕 It is an important concept in Buddhist praxis (''Patipatti''). The word ''bhavana'' normally appears in conjunction with another word forming a compound phrase such as ''citta-bhavana'' (the development or cultivation of the heart/mind) or ''metta-bhavana'' (the development/cultivation of lovingkindness). When used on its own ''bhavana'' signifies 'spiritual cultivation' generally.
==Etymology==
''Bhavana'' derives from the word ''Bhava'' meaning ''becoming'' or the subjective process of arousing mental states.
To explain the cultural context of the historical Buddha's employment of the term, Glenn Wallis emphasizes bhavana's sense of cultivation. He writes that a farmer performs bhavana when he or she prepares soil and plants a seed. Wallis infers the Buddha's intention with this term by emphasizing the terrain and focus on farming in northern India at the time in the following passage:
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