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Bjarmaland (also spelled ''Bjarmland'' and ''Bjarmia'') was a territory mentioned in Norse sagas up to the Viking Age and beyond in geographical accounts until the 16th century. The term is usually seen to have referred to the southern shores of the White Sea and the basin of the Northern Dvina River (''Vienanjoki'' in Finnish) and - presumably - some of the surrounding areas. Today, these territories comprise a part of the Arkhangelsk region of Russia. In the account of the Viking adventurer Ottar who visited Bjarmaland in the end of the 9th century AD, the term ''"Beorm"'' is used for the people of Bjarmaland. According to the account, "Beormas" spoke a language related to that of the Sami people, and lived in an area of the White Sea region.〔Helle, 1991, p. 21〕 Accordingly, many historians assume the terms ''beorm'' and ''bjarm'' to derive from the Uralic word ''perm'', which refers to "travelling merchants" and represents the Old Permic culture.〔Steinsland & Meulengracht 1998:162〕 However, some linguists consider this theory to be speculative.〔Saarikivi, Janne: ''Substrata Uralica. Studies in Finno-Ugric substrate in northern Russian dialects.'' Doctoral dissertation. Tartu 2006: 28 http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/suoma/vk/saarikivi/substrat.pdf〕 The recent research on the Uralic substrate in northern Russian dialects suggests that several other Uralic groups besides the Permians lived in Bjarmaland, assumed to have included the ''Viena Karelians, Sami and Kvens''.〔Saarikivi, Janne: ''Substrata Uralica. Studies in Finno-Ugric substrate in northern Russian dialects.'' Doctoral dissertation. Tartu 2006: 294-295. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/suoma/vk/saarikivi/substrat.pdf〕 According to Helimski, the language spoken in the northern Archangel region ca. 1000 AD, which he terms ''Lop, was closely related to, but distinct from the Sami languages proper. This would fit Ottar's account perfectly. Based on medieval sources, Bjarmaland's closest neighbor in the west was Kvenland. According to some medieval accounts and maps, Kvenland included also the Kola Peninsula north from Bjarmaland, as stated e.g. in the late 1150s' AD Leiðarvísir og borgarskipan in which the Icelandic Abbot Níkulás Bergsson writes that north from Värmland there are ''"two Kvenlands (Kvenlönd), which extend to north of Bjarmia (Bjarmalandi)"''.〔Rafn, C.C. ''Antiquités Russes II'', pages 404-405. Translation provided here is by the author of the article.〕 Bjarmian trade reached south-east to Bolghar by the Volga River where the Bjarmians also interacted with Scandinavians and Fennoscandians, who adventured southbound from the Baltic Sea area.〔 == Identification == The name Bjarmaland appears in old Norse literature, possible for the area where Arkhangelsk is presently situated, and where it was preceded by a Bjarmian settlement. The first appearance of the name is in an account of the travels of Ohthere of Hålogaland, which was written in about 890.〔(Ohthere's voyage to Bjarmaland ). Original text and its English translation.〕 The name Permian is found in the oldest Rus', Nestor's Chronicle (1000–1100). The names of other Uralic tribes are also listed including Veps, Cheremis, Mordvin, and Chudes.〔(The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics., p21-23 ISBN 0-631-23170-6 )〕 The place-name was also used later both by the German historian Adam of Bremen (11th century) and the Icelander Snorri Sturluson (1179–1241) in ''Bósa saga ok Herrauðs'', reporting about its rivers flowing out to Gandvik. It's not clear if they reference the same Bjarmaland as was mentioned in the ''Voyage of Ohthere'', however. The Bjarmian god ''Jomali'' 〔Most probably originally the same as the Finnish ''jumala'', meaning ''god'', or its alternative in some other Finnic language. Based on this information, Finnic origin has often been proposed for Bjarmians.〕 is Finnic but the description of the god is more Siberian. Especially the crown adorned with twelve stars in gold is characteristic to Siberian shaman caps. Olaus Magnus located Bjarmaland in the Kola Peninsula,〔(Olaus Magnus Map of Scandinavia 1539 ). See section C.〕 while Johannes Schefferus (1621–1679) argued it was equal to Lappland. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bjarmaland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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