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Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, snail fever, and Katayama fever, is a disease caused by parasitic flat worms of the ''Schistosoma'' type. It may infect the urinary tract or the intestines. Signs and symptoms may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine. In those who have been infected for a long time, liver damage, kidney failure, infertility, or bladder cancer may occur. In children it may cause poor growth and learning difficulty. The disease is spread by contact with water contaminated with the parasites. These parasites are released from infected freshwater snails. The disease is especially common among children in developing countries as they are more likely to play in contaminated water. Other high risk groups include farmers, fishermen, and people using unclean water for their daily chores.〔 It belongs to the group of helminth infections. Diagnosis is by finding the eggs of the parasite in a person's urine or stool. It can also be confirmed by finding antibodies against the disease in the blood.〔 Methods to prevent the disease include improving access to clean water and reducing the number of snails. In areas where the disease is common entire groups may be treated all at once and yearly with the medication praziquantel. This is done to decrease the number of people infected and therefore decrease the spread of the disease. Praziquantel is also the treatment recommended by the World Health Organization for those who are known to be infected.〔 Schistosomiasis affects almost 210 million people worldwide, and an estimated 12,000 to 200,000 people die from it a year. The disease is most commonly found in Africa, as well as Asia and South America.〔 Around 700 million people, in more than 70 countries, live in areas where the disease is common.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en/ )〕 In tropical countries, schistosomiasis is second only to malaria as a parasitic disease with the greatest economic impact. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease. ==Classification== Species of ''Schistosoma'' that can infect humans: *''Schistosoma mansoni'' (ICD-10 B65.1) and ''Schistosoma intercalatum'' (B65.8) cause intestinal schistosomiasis *''Schistosoma haematobium'' (B65.0) causes urinary schistosomiasis *''Schistosoma japonicum'' (B65.2) and ''Schistosoma mekongi'' (B65.8) cause Asian intestinal schistosomiasis Avian schistosomiasis species cause swimmer's itch. Species of ''Schistosoma'' that can infect other animals: ''S. bovis'' — normally infects cattle, sheep and goats in Africa, parts of Southern Europe and the Middle East ''S. mattheei'' — normally infects cattle, sheep and goats in Central and Southern Africa ''S. margrebowiei'' — normally infects antelope, buffalo and waterbuck in Southern and Central Africa ''S. curassoni'' — normally infects domestic ruminants in West Africa ''S. rodhaini'' — normally infects rodents and carnivores in parts of Central Africa 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Schistosomiasis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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