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Bioamplifier
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
== History ==
The attempts to amplify biosignal started with the development of electrocardiography. In 1887, Augustus Waller, a British physiologist, successfully measured the electrocardigraphy of his dog using two buckets of saline, in which each of the front paws and the hind paws was submerged.〔Webster, John G. (2006) Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation Volume I. New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-26358-6.〕 After a few months, Waller successfully recorded the first human electrocardiography using the capillary electrometer.〔 Although, Waller did not envision that the electrocardiography would be used in healthcare extensibly, at the time of his invention. The electrocardiography did not have a practical usability until Willem Einthoven, a Dutch physiologist, coined the way to use the string galvanometer in cardiac signal amplification. Significant improvements in amplifier led to the usage of smaller electrodes that would be more easily attached to body parts.〔 In the 1920s, the way to electrically amplify the cardiac signals was introduced, using vacuum tubes, which quickly replaced the string galvanometer that amplified the signal mechanically. The Vacuum tubes had larger impedance, so the amplification was more robust. Also, its relatively small size compared to the string galvanometer also contributed the widespread of the vacuum tube. Also, the large metal buckets were no longer needed, as much smaller metal-plate electrodes were introduced. By the 1930s, the electrocardiogram devices could be carried to the patient's home for the purpose of bedside monitoring.〔Rowbottom ME, Susskind C. In: Electricity and Medicine: History of their Interaction. San Francisco (CA): San Francisco Press; 1984.〕 With the emergence of electronic amplification, it was quickly discovered that many features of the electrocardiography were revealed with various electrode placement.〔Ernstine and Levine report the use of vacuum-tubes to amplify the electrocardiogram instead of the mechanical amplification of the string galvanometer. 〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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