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Biochip : ウィキペディア英語版
Biochip

In molecular biology, biochips are essentially miniaturized laboratories that can perform hundreds or
thousands of simultaneous biochemical reactions. Biochips enable researchers to quickly screen large numbers of biological analytes for a variety of purposes, from disease diagnosis to detection of bioterrorism agents. Digital microfluidic biochips have become one of the most promising technologies in many biomedical fields. In a digital microfluidic biochip, a group of (adjacent) cells in the microfluidic array can be configured to work as storage, functional operations, as well as for transporting fluid droplets dynamically.
==History==
The development started with early work on the underlying sensor technology. One of the first portable, chemistry-based sensors was the glass pH electrode, invented in 1922 by Hughes (Hughes, 1922). In subsequent years. For example, a K+ sensor was
produced by incorporating valinomycin into a thin membrane (Schultz, 1996).
In 1953, Watson and Crick announced their discovery of the now familiar
double helix structure of DNA molecules and set the stage for genetics
research that continues to the present day (Nelson, 2000). The development
of sequencing techniques in 1977 by Gilbert (Maxam, 1977) and
Sanger (Sanger, 1977) (working separately) enabled researchers to
directly read the genetic codes that provide instructions for
protein synthesis. This research showed how hybridization of complementary single
oligonucleotide strands could be used as a basis for DNA sensing. Two
additional developments enabled the technology used in modern DNA-based
. First, in 1983 Kary Mullis invented the
polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) technique (Nelson, 2000), a method for amplifying DNA concentrations.
This discovery made possible the detection of extremely small quantities of
DNA in samples. Secondly in 1986 Hood and co-workers devised a method to label
DNA molecules with fluorescent tags instead of
radiolabels (Smith, 1986), thus enabling hybridization experiments to
be observed optically.
Figure 1 shows the make up of a typical biochip platform.
The actual sensing component (or "chip") is just one piece of a complete
analysis system. Transduction must be done to translate the actual sensing
event (DNA binding, oxidation/reduction, ''etc.'') into a format
understandable by a computer (voltage, light intensity, mass, ''etc.''),
which then enables additional analysis and processing to produce a final,
human-readable output. The multiple technologies needed to make a successful
biochip — from sensing chemistry, to microarraying, to signal processing —
require a true multidisciplinary approach, making the barrier to entry steep.
One of the first commercial biochips was introduced by Affymetrix. Their
"GeneChip" products contain thousands of individual DNA sensors for use in
sensing defects, or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in genes such as
p53 (a tumor suppressor) and BRCA1 and BRCA2 (related to breast
cancer) (Cheng, 2001). The chips are produced using microlithography
techniques traditionally used to fabricate integrated circuits (see below).

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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