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Biphalin
Biphalin is a dimeric enkephalin endogenous peptide (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH)2 composed of two tetrapeptides derived from enkephalins, connected 'tail-to-tail' by a hydrazide bridge. The presence of two distinct pharmacophore confers of Biphalin highly affinity for both μ and δ opioid receptors (with a with an EC50 of about 1-5 nM for both μ and δ receptors), therefore it has analgesic activity.
Biphalin presents a considerable antinociceptive profile. In fact, when administered intracerebroventricularly in mice, biphalin displays a potency almost 7-fold greater than that of the ultra-potent alkaloid agonist, etorphine and 7000-fold greater than morphine, and biphalin and morphine were found to be equipotent after intraperitoneal administration. The extraordinary in vivo potency showed by this compound is coupled with low side-effects, in particular to produce no dependency in chronic use. For these reasons, several efforts have been carried out in order to obtain more informations about structure-activity relationship (SAR). Results clarely indicates that at least for μ receptor binding the presence of two pharmacophores is not necessary;〔 Tyr1 is indipensable for analgesic activity, while replacing Phe at the position 4 and 4' with non-aromatic, but lipophylic amino acids does not greatly change the binding proprieties〔 and in general 4,4' positions are found to be important to design biphalin analogues with increased potency and modified μ/δ selectivity. The hydrazide linker is not fundamental for activity or binding, and it can be conveniently substituted by different conformationally constrained cycloaliphatic diamine linkers.
== References ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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