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| imagesize = | image_caption = Clockwise, from top: skyline of Birmingham City Centre from the south; Birmingham Town Hall; St Martin's church and Selfridges department store in the Bull Ring; the University of Birmingham; St Philip's Cathedral; the Library of Birmingham. | image_flag = Birmingham_City_Flag.svg | flag_link = Flag of Birmingham (England) | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Birmingham.svg | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_link = | image_map = Birmingham UK locator map.svg | mapsize = | map_caption = Birmingham shown within the West Midlands county | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = United Kingdom | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location within the United Kingdom | pushpin_mapsize = | subdivision_type = Sovereign state | subdivision_name = | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = West Midlands | subdivision_type3 = Ceremonial county | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = Historic county | subdivision_name4 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = Metropolitan borough | governing_body = Birmingham City Council | leader_title1 = Lord Mayor | leader_name1 = Shafique Shah (L) | leader_title2 = Council Leader | leader_name2 = Sir Albert Bore, (L) | leader_title3 = Council Control | leader_name3 = Labour | leader_title4 = MPs | leader_name4 = | established_title = Settlement | established_date = c. 600 | established_title1 = | established_date1 = 1166 | established_title2 = Municipal borough | established_date2 = 1838 | established_title3 = City | established_date3 = 1889 | established_title4 = Metropolitan borough | established_date4 = 1 April 1974 | seat_type = Administrative HQ | seat = The Council House, Victoria Square | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = UK | total_type = City | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 267.77 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 598.9 | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | population_as_of = 2015 mid year estimate. | population_total = 1,958,718〔("UK Population Estimates" ). ONS. Retrieved 28 June 2014〕 | population_footnotes = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = 4102 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_urban = 2440986 (3rd) | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_metro = 3701107 (2nd) | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_title = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi = | blank_name_sec2 = GDP | blank_info_sec2 = US$ 121.1 billion 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Global city GDP 2014 )〕 (2nd) | blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita | blank1_info_sec2 = US$ 31,572〔 | timezone = GMT | utc_offset = +0 | timezone_DST = BST | utc_offset_DST = +1 | coordinates_type = region:GB_type:city | coordinates_display = inline,title | latd = 52 | latm = 28 | lats = 59 | latNS = N | longd = 1 | longm = 53 | longs = 37 | longEW = W | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 140 | elevation_ft = | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = | blank3_name_sec1 = | blank3_info_sec1 = | blank4_name_sec1 = | blank4_info_sec1 = | postal_code_type = Postcode | postal_code = B | area_code = 0121 | iso_code = GB-BIR | blank1_name = ONS code | blank1_info = | blank2_name = OS grid reference | blank2_info = | blank3_name = NUTS 3 | blank3_info = UKG31 | blank5_name = Ethnicity (2011 Census) 〔("2011 Census: Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales" ). ONS. Retrieved 25 December 2012〕 | blank5_info = | blank6_name = Primary Airport | blank6_info = Birmingham Airport | website = (Birmingham City ) | footnotes = }} Birmingham () is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. It is the largest and most populous British city outside London with 1,101,360 residents (2014 est.), and its population increase of 88,400 residents between the 2001 and 2011 censuses was greater than that of any other British local authority. The city lies within the West Midlands Built-up Area, the third most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom with 2,440,986 residents (2011 census), and its metropolitan area is the United Kingdom's second most populous with 3,701,107 residents (2012 est.) and is also the 9th largest metropolitan area in Europe. A medium-sized market town during the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide advances in science, technology and economic development, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society.〔; 〕 By 1791 it was being hailed as "the first manufacturing town in the world". Birmingham's distinctive economic profile, with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades, encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided a diverse and resilient economic base for industrial prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century.〔; 〕 Its resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of broad-based political radicalism, that under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London, and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy.〔; ; 〕 From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz. The damage done to the city's infrastructure led to extensive redevelopment in subsequent decades. Today Birmingham's economy is dominated by the service sector. The city is a major international commercial centre, ranked as a beta− world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network;〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The World According to GaWC 2010 )〕 and an important transport, retail, events and conference hub. Its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121.1bn (2014),〔 and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Table 0 – All students by institution, mode of study, level of study and domicile 2008/09 ); 〕 Birmingham's major cultural institutions – including the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, the Birmingham Royal Ballet, the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, the Library of Birmingham and the Barber Institute of Fine Arts – enjoy international reputations,〔; ; 〕 and the city has vibrant and influential grassroots art, music, literary and culinary scenes.〔; ; ; 〕 Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors.〔http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ott/travel-trends/2014/rpt-travel-trends--2014.html#tab-Overseas-residents--visits-to-the-UK〕 People from Birmingham are called 'Brummies', a term derived from the city's nickname of 'Brum'. This originates from the city's dialect name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the city's earlier names, 'Bromwicham'. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect. ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Birmingham」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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