|
Black Dutch is a term with several different meanings in United States dialect and slang. It generally refers to racial, ethnic, or cultural roots. Its meaning varies, and such differences are contingent upon time and place. Several varied groups of multiracial people have sometimes been referred to as, or identified as "Black Dutch," most often as a reference to their ancestors.〔Bible, Jean Patterson (1999). ''Melungeons Yesterday and Today''. Signal Mountain, Tennessee: Mountain Press〕 〔Elder, Pat Spurlock (1965). ''Melungeons: Examining an Appalachian Legend''. Blountville, Tennessee: Continuity Press〕〔(Pylant, James (1997). "In Search of the Black Dutch" ), ''American Genealogy Magazine,'' Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 1997): 11-30〕〔Cassiday, Frederic G. (1985) ''Dictionary of American Regional English, Vol 1, A-C,'' Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press〕 Black Dutch is an unofficial American ethnic designation. It was commonly used in Pennsylvania among ethnic Germans, some of whom migrated south to Virginia and other points. Separately, it became adopted around 1830 and afterward among certain Southeastern families of mixed-race ancestry, especially those of Cherokee descent.〔(Jimmy H. Crane, "The Elusive Black Dutch of the South" ), ''Native Peoples Magazine''〕 When used in the South, it usually did not imply African admixture, although some families who used the term were of tri-racial descent. ==Dutch and Sephardic Jewish colonists == The term "Black Dutch" first appears in U.S. colonial history as a reference to people from the Netherlands of darker skin than most Europeans. In the Netherlands, the term Black Dutch was applied to the descendants of children (usually illegitimate) of Spanish soldiers and Dutch women born during the Spanish occupation of the Low Lands in the 16th century. Because of the circumstances, the term had negative connotations. Some such Dutch descendants came to the North American colonies, where most Dutch settled in the New York area. Sephardic Jewish merchants from Spain and Portugal settled in the Dutch Republic following their expulsion from the Iberian nations in the late 15th century, and the Netherlands' gaining independence from Spain in the 16th century. They called themselves ''gente del linaje'' ("People of the (Jewish) lineage"), or ''homens da nação'', ("Men of the (Jewish-Portuguese) Nation"). The Amsterdam chief rabbi, Menasseh Ben Israel, gained approval by Oliver Cromwell's government to readmit Jews to England in the mid-17th century.〔(Mary Bondurant Warren, "Who Were the Black Dutch?" ), ''Family Puzzlers'', No. 457, July 22, 1976, reprinted on Tennessee GenWeb〕 Many Sephardic Jews migrated from the Netherlands to settle in England, where some became prominent businessmen and professionals. Some migrated from there to the North American colonies, settling in Newport, Rhode Island; Boston, New York and Philadelphia, as well as Richmond, Virginia, Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia. Like other English and European men in the American South, some Sephardic (and German) Jews had liaisons with enslaved African or free women of color, and fathered mixed-race "natural" (illegitimate) children. In some cases, the men had extended common-law marriages and provided support and education for their children, as did David Isaacs in Charlottesville, Virginia in his long life with Nancy West, a free woman of color.〔Justus, Judith, ''Down from the Mountain: The Oral History of the Hemings Family'', Perrysburg, OH: Lesher Printers, Inc., 1990, pp. 89 - 96〕 In other cases, they abandoned the mixed-race women and children and contracted legal marriages, often to Jewish women. This was the case with Baron Judah, a Jewish American born in Charleston. As the result of a relationship between him and former slave Dido Badaraka, Baron Judah fathered Harriet Judah, of mixed race. In a common-law marriage, she became the mother of the abolitionist Robert Purvis. Baron Judah left Dido and his daughter Harriet to marry a Jewish woman.〔("ROBERT PURVIS DEAD.; Anti-Slavery Leader Expires in Philadelphia, Aged 87 --His Work for the Black Race" ), ''New York Times,'' 16 April 1898, accessed 3 May 2008〕 In colonial Virginia and Carolina records, the term Portuguese may have been used to refer to people of mixed race, as well as to Sephardic Jews. In addition, some mixed-race persons of European and African descent identified as Portuguese or Indian (Native American), as a way to explain their variations in physical appearance from Europeans and to be more easily accepted by European-American neighbors.〔 By the late 18th century, numerous free mixed-race families were migrating west, along with English neighbors, to the frontiers of Virginia and North Carolina, where racial castes were less strict than in plantation country of the Tidewater.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Black-Dutch」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|