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Utricularia
''Utricularia'', commonly and collectively called the bladderworts, is a genus of carnivorous plants consisting of approximately 233 species (precise counts differ based on classification opinions; one recent publication lists 215 species).〔Salmon, Bruce. 2001. ''Carnivorous Plants of New Zealand''. Ecosphere Publications. ISBN 978-0-473-08032-7〕 They occur in fresh water and wet soil as terrestrial or aquatic species across every continent except Antarctica. ''Utricularia'' are cultivated for their flowers, which are often compared with those of snapdragons and orchids, especially amongst carnivorous plant enthusiasts.
All ''Utricularia'' are carnivorous and capture small organisms by means of bladder-like traps. Terrestrial species tend to have tiny traps that feed on minute prey such as protozoa and rotifers swimming in water-saturated soil. The traps can range in size from 0.2 mm to 1.2 cm.〔Taylor, Peter. (1989). ''The genus Utricularia - a taxonomic monograph''. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XIV: London. ISBN 978-0-947643-72-0〕 Aquatic species, such as ''U. vulgaris'' (common bladderwort), possess bladders that are usually larger and can feed on more substantial prey such as water fleas ''(Daphnia)'', nematodes and even fish fry, mosquito larvae and young tadpoles. Despite their small size, the traps are extremely sophisticated. In the active traps of the aquatic species, prey brush against trigger hairs connected to the trapdoor. The bladder, when "set", is under negative pressure in relation to its environment so that when the trapdoor is mechanically triggered, the prey, along with the water surrounding it, is sucked into the bladder. Once the bladder is full of water, the door closes again, the whole process taking only ten to fifteen thousandths of a second.〔D'Amato, Peter. 1998. ''The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants''. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, California. ISBN 978-0-89815-915-8〕〔Lloyd, F.E. 1942. ''The Carnivorous Plants''. The Ronald Press Company: New York. ISBN 978-1-4437-2891-1〕
Bladderworts are unusual and highly specialized plants, and the vegetative organs are not clearly separated into roots, leaves, and stems as in most other angiosperms. The bladder traps, conversely, are recognized as one of the most sophisticated structures in the plant kingdom.〔
==Description==
The main part of a bladderwort plant always lies beneath the surface of its substrate. Terrestrial species sometimes produce a few photosynthetic leaf-shoots which lie unobtrusively flat against the surface of their soil, and in almost all species only the flowering stems rise above and are prominent. This means that the terrestrial species are generally visible only while they are in flower, although aquatic species can be observed below the surfaces of ponds and streams.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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