|
Bogomilism (see Gnostic) was a dualist religiopolitical sect founded in the First Bulgarian Empire by the priest Bogomil during the reign of Tsar Peter I in the 10th century.〔(Heresy and authority in medieval Europe: documents in translation, Middle Ages, University of Pennsylvania Press Middle ages series, Edward Peters, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1980, ISBN 0-8122-1103-0, p. 108. )〕〔(The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century, John Van Antwerp Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1991, ISBN 0-472-08149-7, p. 171. )〕〔(A concise history of Bulgaria, Cambridge concise histories, R. J. Crampton, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-61637-9, pp. 18-19. )〕 It most probably arose in what is today the region of Macedonia〔(Byzantium and the Slavs, Dimitri Obolensky, St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1994, p. 272. )〕〔(Bosnia and Herzegovina, Michael Schuman, Infobase Publishing, 2004, p. 7. )〕 as a response to the social stratification that occurred with the introduction of feudalism and as a form of political movement and opposition to the Bulgarian state and the church. An alternate viewpoint emanating from a synthesis of available historical information on Bogomilism could be that gnostics did not form a credo contrary to the edicts of the dominant State and Church as an opposition political-religious movement. The gnostics re-discovered "knowledge" in ancient texts and ostensibly rejuvenated old theological opinions that may have been the basis of early Christianity in existence before the Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine declared it a State religion and organized synods and ecumenical councils to define heresies. It should be noted much historical evidence exists that the Church harshly persecuted all whom it deemed to be heretics but there is no evidence that any Christian gnostic or heretic ever declared all orthodox or roman Christians should be sought out and eradicated. The question of who or what organization was morally "better" than the other is therefore open to argument. The Bogomils called for a return to what they considered to be early spiritual teaching, rejecting the ecclesiastical hierarchy. The state and church, at the time mostly two parts of the same whole, therefore regarded the bogomils as a resistance movement to the state and church authorities. However, it was a time and place wherein both commoners and nobility perceived contrariness as virtuous. This helped the bogomil movement spread quickly in the Balkans, gradually expanding throughout the Byzantine Empire and later reaching Kievan Rus', Bosnia, Dalmatia, Rascia, Italy, and France (Cathars). Historians consider the Bogomils were dualists because they professed a belief in Good vs. Evil, a Good God vs. an Evil God (Satan), heaven and hell. They regarded the human body and all earthly materialism as emanations of the evil deity while the spirit or soul trapped inside every human as a part of the Good God imprisoned by the devil. This was ancient knowledge that we can trace back to the tenets of the Zoroastrian faith, which existed in Persia (Iran) at least three thousand years before the appearance of bogomilism in Bulgaria. As such, the Catholic Church labelled dualistic faiths as gnostics (they who claim to know). Either subset of heretics was a virtual sentence of death, as proven by consequently endless Church-ordered bloody crusades. The eminent scholar Steven Runciman, provides much research information on all of the afore-mentioned subject matters in his work entitled ''The Medieval Manichee: A Study of Christian Dualist Heresy,'' (Cambridge University Press, 1999). As to the ritual self-purging practices that Bogomils were reputed to indulge in, these were attempts to free the good spirit from the evil body.〔Runciman, Steven. ''The Medieval Manichee: A Study of Christian Dualist Heresy.'' Cambridge University Press, 1999.〕 == Etymology == The term ''Bogomil'' in free translation means "dear to God", and is a compound of the Slavic words for "god" (Common Slavic: *bogъ) and "dear" (Common Slavic: *milъ). It may be also a translation of the Greek name ''Theophilos'', literally "dear to God; loved by the gods," from ''theos'' "god" + ''philos'' "loved, beloved". It is difficult to ascertain whether the name was taken from the reputed founder of that movement, the priest Bogomil (Bulgarian: Богомил), or whether he assumed that name after it had been given to the sect itself. The word is an Old Church Slavonic calque of ''Massaliani'', the Syriac name of the sect corresponding to the Greek Euchites. The Bogomils are identified with the Messalians in Slavonic documents from the 13th century.〔 The members are referred to as ''Babuni'' in Church Slavonic documents, which originally meant "superstition; superstitious person" (Common Slavic '' *babonъ, *babunъ *babona''). Toponyms which retain the name include the river Babuna, the mountain Babuna, the Bogomila Waterfall and village Bogomila, all in the region of Azot today in central Republic of Macedonia, suggests that the movement was very active in the region. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bogomilism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|