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Bolitaenidae
Bolitaenidae is a family of small, common pelagic octopuses found in all tropical and temperate oceans of the world. The family's taxonomy is not entirely certain; recent research suggests there should be just two genera, ''Bolitaena'' and ''Japetella'', both of which are thought to be monotypic. Under this view, the family would represent two very similar species: ''Bolitaena pygmaea'' and ''Japetella diaphana''.
== Physical description ==
Bolitaenids are characterised by their small size—up to 8.5 centimetres or 3.3 inches mantle length and 12 centimetres total length in ''Japetella'' species—and their comparatively short arms, much shorter than their dome-shaped mantles. The arms have a single series of suckers; in males, these suckers are greatly enlarged on the third right arm. In ''Bolitaena'' (but not ''Japetella'') this arm is also modified into a hectocotylus, an appendage used to facilitate transfer of spermatophores during mating.
The eyes of both species are laterally compressed; they are distinctly smaller and set farther apart from the brain on longer optic stalks in ''Bolitaena'' than in ''Japetella''—this feature may be the only way to differentiate the two genera when examining subadults. Mature males are rarely encountered. Their translucent, gelatinous bodies are fragile and easily damaged during collection.
Perhaps the most striking feature of the family is seen in mature females; upon maturity a ring-shaped photophore—a light-producing organ—develops to encircle the mouth. This is believed to be an adaptation to life in gloomy, deep ocean waters; the bioluminescent ring may help males and females to find each other.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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