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Borobudur, or Barabudur, is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist Temple in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. The monument consists of nine stacked platforms, six square and three circular, topped by a central dome. The temple is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. The central dome is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues, each seated inside a perforated stupa.〔 It is the world's largest Buddhist temple,〔 〕〔 〕 as well as one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world.〔 〕 Built in the 9th century during the reign of the Sailendra Dynasty, the temple was designed in Javanese Buddhist architecture, which blends the Indonesian indigenous cult of ancestor worship and the Buddhist concept of attaining Nirvana.〔 The temple also demonstrates the influences of Gupta art that reflects India's influence on the region, yet there are enough indigenous scenes and elements incorporated to make Borobudur uniquely Indonesian. The monument is both a shrine to the Lord Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage. The journey for pilgrims begins at the base of the monument and follows a path around the monument and ascends to the top through three levels symbolic of Buddhist cosmology: ''Kāmadhātu'' (the world of desire), ''Rupadhatu'' (the world of forms) and ''Arupadhatu'' (the world of formlessness). The monument guides pilgrims through an extensive system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the walls and the balustrades. Borobudur has the largest and most complete ensemble of Buddhist reliefs in the world.〔 Evidence suggests Borobudur was constructed in the 9th century and abandoned following the 14th-century decline of Hindu kingdoms in Java and the Javanese conversion to Islam.〔 Worldwide knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, then the British ruler of Java, who was advised of its location by native Indonesians. Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations. The largest restoration project was undertaken between 1975 and 1982 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO, following which the monument was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.〔 Borobudur is still used for pilgrimage; once a year, Buddhists in Indonesia celebrate Vesak at the monument, and Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist attraction.〔〔 ==Etymology== In Indonesian, ancient temples are referred to as ''candi''; thus locals refer to "Borobudur Temple" as ''Candi Borobudur''. The term ''candi'' also loosely describes ancient structures, for example gates and baths. The origins of the name ''Borobudur,'' however, are unclear,〔 although the original names of most ancient Indonesian temples are no longer known.〔 The name Borobudur was first written in Sir Thomas Raffles's book on Javan history. Raffles wrote about a monument called ''Borobudur'', but there are no older documents suggesting the same name.〔Soekmono (1976), page 13.〕 The only old Javanese manuscript that hints the monument called ''Budur'' as a holy Buddhist sanctuary is ''Nagarakretagama'', written by Mpu Prapanca, a Buddhist scholar of Majapahit court, in 1365.〔 Most ''candi'' are named after a nearby village. If it followed Javanese language conventions and was named after the nearby village of ''Bore'', the monument should have been named "BudurBoro". Raffles thought that ''Budur'' might correspond to the modern Javanese word ''Buda'' ("ancient")—i.e., "ancient Boro". He also suggested that the name might derive from ''boro'', meaning "great" or "honourable" and ''Budur'' for Buddha.〔 However, another archaeologist suggests the second component of the name (''Budur'') comes from Javanese term ''bhudhara'' ("mountain").〔 Another possible etymology suggests that ''Borobudur'' is a corrupted simplified local Javanese pronunciation of ''Biara Beduhur'' written in Sanskrit as ''Vihara Buddha Uhr''. The term ''Buddha-Uhr'' could mean "the city of Buddhas", while another possible term ''Beduhur'' is probably an Old Javanese term, still survived today in Balinese vocabulary, which means "a high place", constructed from the stem word ''dhuhur'' or ''luhur'' (high). This suggests that Borobudur means vihara of Buddha located on a high place or on a hill. The construction and inauguration of a sacred Buddhist building—possibly a reference to Borobudur—was mentioned in two inscriptions, both discovered in Kedu, Temanggung Regency. The Karangtengah inscription, dated 824, mentioned a sacred building named ''Jinalaya'' (the realm of those who have conquered worldly desire and reached enlightenment), inaugurated by Pramodhawardhani, daughter of Samaratungga. The Tri Tepusan inscription, dated 842, is mentioned in the ''sima'', the (tax-free) lands awarded by Çrī Kahulunnan (Pramodhawardhani) to ensure the funding and maintenance of a ''Kamūlān'' called ''Bhūmisambhāra''. ''Kamūlān'' is from the word ''mula,'' which means "the place of origin", a sacred building to honor the ancestors, probably those of the Sailendras. Casparis suggested that ''Bhūmi Sambhāra Bhudhāra'', which in Sanskrit means "the mountain of combined virtues of the ten stages of Boddhisattvahood", was the original name of Borobudur. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Borobudur」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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