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|image_map = Europe-Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg |languages_type = Official languages (state level) |languages = None (''de jure'') Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian (''de facto''), all varieties of Serbo-Croatian |languages2_type = Official languages (entity level) |languages2 = Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska) |ethnic_groups = |ethnic_groups_year = 2013 estimates〔 |demonym = |capital = Sarajevo〔 |latd=43 |latm=52 |latNS=N |longd=18 |longm=25 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bosnia and Herzegovina )〕 |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = a |leader_title2 = Chairman of the Presidency |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = Members of the Presidency |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = Prime Minister |leader_name4 = Denis Zvizdić |legislature = Parliamentary Assembly |upper_house = House of Peoples |lower_house = House of Representatives |area_rank = 127th |area_km2 = 51,197 |area_sq_mi = 19,741 |percent_water = 0.8% |population_estimate = |population_estimate_rank = |population_estimate_year = |population_census = 3,871,643〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The World Factbook )〕 |population_census_year = 2014 |population_density_km2 = 75.62 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP = $38.08 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The World Factbook – Bosnia and Herzegovina )〕 |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2015 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,800〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2015 |GDP_nominal = $15.568 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bosnia and Herzegovina )〕 |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,029〔 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |sovereignty_type = Independence |established_event1 = First mentioned |established_date1 = 753 |established_event2 = Banate of Bosnia |established_date2 = 1154 |established_event3 = Kingdom of Bosnia |established_date3 = 1377 |established_event4 = Conquered by Ottoman Empire |established_date4 = 1463 |established_event5 = Bosnian uprising |established_date5 = 1831 |established_event6 = |established_date6 = 1878 |established_event7 = Annexation of Bosnia by |established_date7 = 1908 |established_event8 = National Day |established_date8 = 25 November 1943 |established_event9 = Independence from SFR Yugoslavia |established_date9 = 1 March 1992 |established_event10 = Observed〔Peace Implementation Council, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina#Composition of the court, European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina, EUFOR Althea〕 |established_date10 = 6 April 1992 |Gini_year = 2013 |Gini_change = 36 → 58 | 2013 |Gini = 36.2 |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2014 |HDI_change = steady |HDI = 0.731 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 86th |currency = Convertible mark |currency_code = BAM |country_code = |time_zone = CET |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = CEST |utc_offset_DST = +2 |date_format = dd.mm.yyyy (CE) |drives_on = right |calling_code = 387 |ISO_3166-1_alpha2=BA |ISO_3166-1_alpha3=BIH |ISO_3166-1_num= |vehicle_code=BIH |alt_sport_code=BIH |aircraft_code=T9 |cctld = .ba |footnote_a = Not a government member; the High Representative is an international civilian overseer of the Dayton peace agreement with authority to dismiss elected and non-elected officials and enact legislation. |footnote_b = Chair of current presidency (Croat). |footnote_c = Current presidency member (Serb). |footnote_d = Current presidency member (Bosniak). }} Bosnia and Herzegovina (; Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian ''Bosna i Hercegovina'', ; Cyrillic script: Боснa и Херцеговина), sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina, abbreviated BiH, and in short often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe located on the Balkan Peninsula. Sarajevo is the capital〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina )〕 and largest city.〔 Bordered by Croatia to the north, west, and south; Serbia to the east; Montenegro to the southeast; and the Adriatic Sea to the south, with a coastline about long surrounding the city of Neum.〔(Field Listing – Coastline ), ''The World Factbook'', 22 August 2006〕 In the central and eastern interior of the country the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and the northeast is predominantly flatland. The inland is a geographically larger region and has a moderate continental climate, bookended by hot summers and cold and snowy winters. The southern tip of the country has a Mediterranean climate and plain topography. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a region that traces permanent human settlement back to the Neolithic age, during and after which it was populated by several Illyrian and Celtic civilizations. Culturally, politically, and socially, the country has one of the richest histories in the region, having been first settled by the Slavic peoples that populate the area today from the 6th through to the 9th centuries AD. They then established the first independent banate in the region, known as the Banate of Bosnia, in the early 12th century upon the arrival and convergence of peoples that would eventually come to call themselves ''Dobri Bošnjani'' ("Good Bosnians").〔, p. 71; ''In the Middle Ages the Bosnians called themselves "Bosnians" or used even more local (county, regional) names''.〕〔, p. 120; ''..medieval Bosnia was a country of one people, of the single Bosnian people called the Bošnjani, who belonged to three confessions''.〕 This evolved into the Kingdom of Bosnia in the 14th century, after which it was annexed into the Ottoman Empire, under whose rule it would remain from the mid-15th to the late 19th centuries. The Ottomans brought Islam to the region, and altered much of the cultural and social outlook of the country. This was followed by annexation into the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which lasted up until World War I. In the interwar period, Bosnia was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and after World War II, the country was granted full republic status in the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the country proclaimed independence in 1992, which was followed by the Bosnian War, lasting until late 1995. Today, the country maintains high literacy, life expectancy and education levels and is one of the most frequently visited countries in the region,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Lonely Planet's Bosnia and Herzegovina Tourism Profile )〕 projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.〔(Bosnia's newfound tourism ), Reuters.〕 Bosnia and Herzegovina is regionally and internationally renowned for its natural beauty and cultural heritage inherited from six historical civilizations, its cuisine, winter sports, its eclectic and unique music, architecture and its festivals, some of which are the largest and most prominent of their kind in Southeastern Europe.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Inside Film's Guide to Film Festivals in )〕 The country is home to three main ethnic groups or, officially, constituent peoples, a term unique for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosniaks are the largest group of the three, with Serbs second and Croats third. Regardless of ethnicity, a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina is often identified in English as a Bosnian. The terms Herzegovinian and Bosnian are maintained as a regional rather than ethnic distinction, and the region of Herzegovina has no precisely defined borders of its own. Moreover, the country was simply called "Bosnia" until the Austro-Hungarian occupation at the end of the 19th century.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Language Situation in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina )〕 Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature and a three-member Presidency composed of a member of each major ethnic group. However, the central government's power is highly limited, as the country is largely decentralized and comprises two autonomous entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, with a third region, the Brčko District, governed under local government. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is itself complex and consists of 10 federal units – cantons. The country is a potential candidate for membership to the European Union and has been a candidate for North Atlantic Treaty Organisation membership since April 2010, when it received a Membership Action Plan at a summit in Tallinn. Additionally, the country has been a member of the Council of Europe since April 2002 and a founding member of the Mediterranean Union upon its establishment in July 2008. ==Etymology== The first preserved mention of the name "Bosnia" is in ''De Administrando Imperio'', a politico-geographical handbook written by the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII in the mid-10th century (between 948 and 952) describing the "small country" (χωρίον in Greek) of "Bosona" (Βοσώνα). The Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja from 1172–96 of Bar's Roman Catholic Christian Archbishop names Bosnia, and references an earlier source from the year of 753 – the De Regno Sclavorum (Of the Realm of Slavs). The name "Bosnia" is probably derived from the name of the Bosna river, possibly mentioned for the first time during the 1st century AD by Roman historian Marcus Velleius Paterculus under the name ''Bathinus flumen''.〔Salmedin Mesihović: "Thallóczy und die Untersuchung der Bezeichnung „Bosna“." o. O. o. J.〕 Some scholars〔Nikola Vulić, ''Glas Srp. Ak., CLV, drugi razred (Grade ) 78, p. 6,7''〕 also connect the Roman road station ''Ad Basante'', first attested in the 5th century ''Tabula Peutingeriana'', where also the proposed hydronym ''Bathinus'' is placed, as referring to Bosnia.〔Tabula Peutingeriana. Northeast of Narona and southwest of Sirmium.〕 According to philologist Anton Mayer the name ''Bosna'' could be derived from Illyrian "Bass-an-as" which would be a diversion of the Proto-Indo-European root "bos" or "bogh", meaning "the running water".〔(b ) Malcolm, Noel (1994). Bosnia A Short History. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-5520-8.〕 Other theories involve the rare Latin term ''Bosina'', meaning boundary, and possible Slavic and Thracian origins.〔Imamović, Mustafa (1996). Historija Bošnjaka. Sarajevo: BZK Preporod. ISBN 9958-815-00-1〕〔I. Pašić, ''Predslavenski korijeni Bošnjaka, Tračko ime Bosna i Tračani u Bosni'', p. 27 – 104〕 The origins of the name ''Herzegovina'' may be identified with greater precision. In the Early Middle Ages the corresponding region was known as Zahumlje (Hum), after the ''Zachlumoi'' tribe of southern Slavs which inhabited it. In the 1440s, the region – adjoined to medieval Bosnia since the early 1300s – was ruled by the powerful Bosnian nobleman Stephen Vukčić Kosača. In 1448, Kosača dropped the title "Voivode of Bosnia" and instead assumed the title "Herceg (Herzog) of Hum and the Coast"; Herzog being the German word for "duke", and so the lands he controlled would later be known as ''Herzegovina'' ("Dukedom", from the addition of ''-ovina'', "land").〔Malcolm, Noel (1994). Bosnia A Short History. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-5520-8.〕 The region was administered by the Ottomans as the Sanjak of Herzegovina (Hersek) within the Eyalet of Bosnia up until the formation of the short-lived Herzegovina Eyalet in the 1830s. Following the death of its founder and ruler vizier Ali-paša Rizvanbegović in the 1850s, the two eyalets were merged, and the new joint-entity was thereafter commonly referred to as Bosnia and Herzegovina. On initial proclamation of independence in 1992, the country's official name was the ''Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina'' but following the 1995 Dayton Agreement and the new constitution that accompanied it the name was officially changed to ''Bosnia and Herzegovina''. ==History== (詳細はウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bosnia and Herzegovina」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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