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|region3 = |pop3 = 158,158 |ref3 = |region4 = |pop4 = 145,278 |ref4 = |region5 = |pop5 = 128,047 |ref5 = |region6 = |pop6 = 98,766 |ref6 = 〔(The 2000 USA census )〕 |region7 = |pop7 = 80,000 |ref7 = |region8 = |pop8 = 53,605 |ref8 = |region9 = |pop9 = 46,773 |ref9 = |region10 = |pop10 = 31,479 |ref10 = |region11 = |pop11 = 27,533 |ref11 = |region12 = |pop12 = 21,542 |ref12 = |region13 = |pop13 = 21,040 |ref13 = |region14 = |pop14 = 21,000 |ref14 = |region15 = |pop15 = 17,993 |ref15 = |region16 = Macedonia |pop16 = 17,018 |ref16 = |region17 = |pop17 = 16,338 |ref17 = |region18 = |pop18 = 3.600 |ref18 = 〔http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/129854〕 |region19 = |pop19 = 2,182 |ref19 = |region20 = total |pop20 = 400,000 |ref20 = |languages = Bosnian |religions = Predominantly Sunni Islam 15px Also Nondenominational Muslims,〔"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. August 9, 2012〕 Muwahhid Muslims, Cultural Muslims, Progressive Muslims,〔Marko Attila Hoare (2014), Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War, Pp 3.〕 and Irreligion. There are also individuals that practice other religions actively.〔Gaši, Ašk, Melamisufism i Bosnien, En dold gemenskap, Lund Studies in History of Religions. Volume 27., p. 38. Department of History and Anthropology of Religions, Lund University, Lund, Sweden〕 |related = Other Slavs, especially other South Slavs Croats, Serbs, Montenegrins, Slovenes, and Macedonians are the most related〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ethnologue – South Slavic languages )〕 |footnotes = According to estimates commissioned in 2008 by the National Security Council of Turkey (''Milli Güvenlik Kurulu'') some 2,000,000 Turkish citizens are of Bosniak ancestry as mainly descended from Bosniak emigrants in the 19th and early 20th century. }} The Bosniaks, or less commonly Bosniacs, ((ボスニア語:Bošnjaci)/Бошњаци, ; singular masculine: ''Bošnjak''/Бошњак, feminine: ''Bošnjakinja''/Бошњакиња) are a South Slavic nation and ethnic group inhabiting mainly homeland Bosnia and Herzegovina along with a native minority present in other countries of the Balkan Peninsula; especially in the Sandžak region of Serbia and Montenegro (where Bosniaks form a regional majority), in Croatia, and in Kosovo. Bosniaks are typically characterized by their historic tie to the Bosnian historical region, traditional majority adherence to Islam since the 15th and 16th centuries, common culture and Bosnian language. In the English-speaking world, Bosniaks are also frequently referred to as ''Bosnian Muslims''〔This term is considered inaccurate since not all Bosniaks profess themselves to Islam or practice the religion. Partly because of this, since the dissolution of Yugoslavia, ''Bosniak'' has replaced ''Muslim'' as an official ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim – an adherent of Islam. Additionally, Bosniaks are native to Montenegro, Serbia including Kosovo, and Croatia whilst Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina may be practised by non-Bosniaks, such as the Turks of Bosnia and Herzegovina.〕 or simply Bosnians, though the latter is also used to denote all inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina regardless of ethnic origin or to describe citizenship in the country. There are well over two million Bosniaks living in the Balkans today, with an estimated additional million settled and living around the world. Several instances of ethnic cleansing and genocide by Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats have had a tremendous effect on the territorial distribution of the population. Partially due to this,〔Committee on Foreign Relations, US Senate, The Ethnic Cleansing of Bosnia-Hercegovina, (US Government Printing Office, 1992)〕 a notable Bosniak diaspora exists in a number of countries, including Austria, Germany, Australia, Sweden, Turkey, Canada and the United States. Both within the region and throughout the world, Bosniaks are often noted for their unique culture, which has been influenced by both eastern and western civilizations and schools of thought over the course of their history. ==Ethnonym and definition== According to the ''Bosniak'' entry in the Oxford English Dictionary, the first preserved use of "Bosniak" in English was by British diplomat and historian Paul Rycaut in 1680 as ''Bosnack'', cognate with post-classical Latin ''Bosniacus'' (1682 or earlier), French ''Bosniaque'' (1695 or earlier) or German ''Bosniak'' (1737 or earlier). The modern spelling is contained in the 1836 ''Penny Cyclopaedia'' V. 231/1: ''The inhabitants of Bosnia are composed of Bosniaks, a race of Sclavonian origin''. In the Slavic languages, ''-ak'' is a common suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, for instance also found in the ethnonym of Poles (''Polak'') and Slovaks (''Slovák''). As such, ''Bosniak'' is etymologically equivalent to its non-ethnic counterpart ''Bosnian'' (which entered English around the same time via the Middle French ''Bosnien''): a native of Bosnia. From the perspective of Bosniaks, ''bosanstvo'' (Bosnianhood) and ''bošnjaštvo'' (Bosniakhood) are closely and mutually interconnected, as Bosniaks connect their identity with Bosnia and Herzegovina. The earliest attestation to a Bosnian ethnonym emerged with the historical term ''"Bošnjanin"'' (Latin: ''Bosniensis'') which denoted the people of the medieval Bosnian kingdom.〔, p. 120; ''..medieval Bosnia was a country of one people, of the single Bosnian people called the Bošnjani, who belonged to three confessions''.〕 By the 15th century,〔 the suffix ''-(n)in'' had been replaced by ''-ak'' to create the current form ''Bošnjak'' (Bosniak), first attested in the diplomacy of Bosnian king Tvrtko II who in 1440 dispatched a delegation (''Apparatu virisque insignis'') to the Polish king of Hungary, Władysław Warneńczyk (1440–1444), asserting a common Slavic ancestry and language between the ''Bosniak'' and Pole.〔; ''Bošnjakom isti pradjedovi bili, koji i Poljakom (the ancestors of the Bosniak, same as those of the Pole)''〕〔Muhamed Hadžijahić – ''Od tradicije do identiteta: geneza nacionalnog pitanja bosanskih Muslimana'', 1974, p. 7; "Kralj Stjepan Tvrtković poslao je odmah ovome kralju "sjajno poslanstvo odličnih muževa", veli Vladislavov biograf pa nastavlja: "Ovi su, ispričavši porijeklo svoga plemena isticali, da su Bošnjacima bili isti pradjedovi kao i Poljacima te da im je zajednički jezik kojim govore i da se radi te srodnosti jezika i porijekla njihov kralj Tvrtko II živo raduje, što je Vladislav – kako se je pronio glas – sretan u svojim pothvatima"〕 The Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute thus defines ''Bosniak'' as "the name for the subjects of the Bosnian rulers in the pre-Ottoman era, subjects of the Sultans during the Ottoman era, and the current name for the most numerous of the three constituent peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosniak, as well as the older term ''Bošnjanin'' (in Lat. ''Bosnensis''), is originally a name defining the inhabitants of the medieval Bosnian state".〔Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – (Bošnjaci ) 〕 The Bosniaks derive their ethnonym from Bosnia, first mentioned in ''De Administrando Imperio'' by the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII〔Malcolm 1996, p. 10.〕 as the ''horion'' ("small country") of "Bosona" (Βοσωνα). Linguists have traditionally proposed the name to be derived from the eponymous river ''Bosna''; believed to be a pre-Slavic hydronym in origin and possibly mentioned for the first time during the 1st century AD by Roman historian Marcus Velleius Paterculus under the name ''Bathinus flumen''. Another basic source associated with the hydronym ''Bathinus'' is the Salonitan inscription of the governor of Dalmatia, Publius Cornelius Dolabella, where it is stated that the ''Bathinum'' river divides the Breuci from the Osseriates. Some scholars also connect the Roman road station ''Ad Basante'', first attested in the 5th century ''Tabula Peutingeriana'', to Bosnia. According to the English medievalist William Miller in the work ''Essays on the Latin Orient'' (1921), the Slavic settlers in Bosnia "adapted the Latin designation () Basante, to their own idiom by calling the stream Bosna and themselves Bosniaks ()".〔 According to philologist Anton Mayer the name ''Bosna'' could essentially be derived from Illyrian ''Bass-an-as(-ā)'' which would be a diversion of the Proto-Indo-European root *''bhoĝ''-, meaning "the running water". The Croatian linguist, and one of the world's foremost onomastics experts, Petar Skok expressed an opinion that the chronological transformation of this hydronym from the Roman times to its final Slavicization occurred in the following order; *''Bassanus''> *''Bassenus''> *''Bassinus''> *''Bosina''> ''Bosьna''> ''Bosna''.〔 Other theories involve the rare Latin term ''Bosina'', meaning boundary, and possible Slavic and Thracian origins.〔 For the duration of Ottoman rule, the word Bosniak came to refer to all inhabitants of Bosnia; Turkish terms such as ''"Boşnak milleti"'', ''"Boşnak kavmi"'', and ''"Boşnak taifesi"'' (all meaning, roughly, "the Bosnian people"), were used in the Empire to describe Bosnians in an ethnic or "tribal" sense; and indeed, 17th-century Ottoman traveler and writer Evliya Çelebi reports in his work ''Seyahatname'' of the people in Bosnia as natively known as Bosniaks (Bošnjaci).〔Evlija Čelebi, Putopis: odlomci o jugoslavenskim zemljama, (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1967), p. 120.〕 However, the concept of nationhood was foreign to the Ottomans at that time – not to mention the idea that Muslims and Christians of some military province could foster any common sur-confessional sense of identity. The inhabitants of Bosnia called themselves various names: from Bosniak, in the full spectrum of the word's meaning with a foundation as a territorial designation, through a series of regional and confessional names, all the way to modern-day national ones. In this regard, Christian Bosnians had not described themselves as either Serbs or Croats prior to the 19th century, and in particular before the Austrian occupation in 1878, when the current tri-ethnic reality of Bosnia and Herzegovina was configured based on religious affiliation.〔, p. 73; ''Moreover, the translation of one's religious denomination to Serb or Croat nationality also had no relevance to the area's population, since Bosnians before the nineteenth century had not described themselves as either Serbs or Croats''〕 Social anthropologist Tone Bringa develops that "Neither Bosniak, nor Croat, nor Serb identities can be fully understood with reference only to Islam or Christianity respectively, but have to be considered in a specific Bosnian context that has resulted in a shared history and locality among Bosnians of Islamic as well as Christian backgrounds." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bosniaks」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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