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Bouma
In typography, a bouma ( ) is the shape of a cluster of letters, often a whole word. It is a reduction of "Bouma-shape", which was probably first used in Paul Saenger's 1997 book ''Space between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading'', although Saenger himself attributes it to Insup & Maurice Martin Taylor. Its origin is in reference to hypotheses by prominent vision researcher Herman Bouma, who studied the shapes and confusability of letters and letter strings.〔Bouma, H. (1971). Visual Recognition of Isolated Lower-Case Letters. Vision Research, 11, 459-474.〕〔Bouma, H. (1973). Visual Interference in the Parafoveal Recognition of Initial and Final Letters of Words, Vision Research, 13, 762-782.〕
Some typographers have believed that, when reading, people can recognize words by deciphering boumas, not just individual letters, or that the shape of the word is related to readability and/or legibility. The claim is that this is a natural strategy for increasing reading efficiency. However, considerable study and experimentation by cognitive psychologists led to their general acceptance of a different, and largely contradictory, theory by the end of the 1980s: parallel letterwise recognition.〔Adams, M.J. (1979). Models of word recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 133-176.〕〔McClelland, J.L. & Johnson, J.C. (1977). The role of familiar units in perception of words and nonwords. Perception and Psychophysics, 22, 249-261.〕〔Paap, K.R., Newsome, S.L., & Noel, R.W. (1984). Word shape’s in poor shape for the race to the lexicon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 413-428.〕〔Rayner, K. (1975). The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 65-81.〕 In recent years (2000–2010) this information has been more evangelized to typographers by Microsoft's Dr Kevin Larson, with conference presentations and a widely read article.〔(Article on word recognition from Dr. Kevin Larson at Microsoft )〕
==See also==
* Picture thinking
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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