|
A branle (pronounced bran(ə)l)—also ''bransle'', ''brangle'', ''brawl'', ''brawle'', ''brall(e)'', ''braul(e)'', or (Scot.) ''brantle'' (''OED'')) is a type of French dance popular from the early 16th to the present, danced by couples in either a line or a circle. The term also refers to the music and the characteristic step of the dance. ==History== The name of the dance is derived from the French verb ''branler'' (to shake), possibly related to ''brander'' (to brandish), and the dance moves mainly from side to side. Before 1500 the word is encountered in dance only as the "swaying" step of the basse danse; dances of this name are encountered from about 1500, and is used to describe dances still danced in France today . Branle music is generally two-in-a-measure, somewhat like the gavotte, though some variants, like that of Poitou, are in triple time . Although originally a French round dance of rustic provenance, danced to the dancers' singing, it was adopted, like other folk-dances, into aristocratic use - among its courtly relations may be the basse danse and the passepied for, though it is in triple time, Rabelais and Thoinot Arbeau (1589) identify the latter as a type of Breton branle. The first detailed sources for the dance's steps are found in Arbeau's famous text-book ''Orchesography''. Antonius de Arena briefly describes the steps for the double and single branle , and John Marston's ''The Malcontent'' (1604) sketches the choreography of one type. According to , every ball began with the same four branles: the double, the single, the gay and the Burgundian branle. The double branle had a simple form involving two phrases of two bars each. Arbeau gives choreographies for eight branles associated with specific regions; the Burgundian (see above) or Champagne, the Haut Barrois, the Montardon, the Poitou, the Maltese, the Scottish and the Trihory of Brittany; he also mentions four others without describing their steps; the branles of Camp, Hainaut, Avignon, and Lyon . Most of these dances seem to have a genuine connection to the region: the Trihory of Brittany, Arbeau says, was seldom if ever performed around Langres where his book was published, but "I learned it long ago from a young Breton who was a fellow student of mine at Poitiers" . On the other hand, Arbeau identifies some branles as adapted to ballet and mime. When his student Capriol asks whether the Maltese branle is native to Malta, rather than just "a fanciful invention for a ballet", Arbeau replies that he "cannot believe it to be other than a ballet" . He also describes a "Hermit" branle based upon mime. There were several well-established branle suites of up to ten dances; the ''Branles de Champagne'', the ''Branles de Camp'', the ''Branles de Hainaut'' and the ''Branles d'Avignon''. Arbeau named these suites ''branles coupés'', which literally means "cut" or "intersected" branles but is usually translated as "mixed branles" . Antonius de Arena mentions mixed branles (''branlos decopatos'') in his macaronic treatise ''Ad suos compagnones'' , By 1623 such suites had been standardized into a set of six dances: ''premier bransle'', ''bransle gay'', ''bransle de Poictou'' (also called ''branle à mener''), ''bransle double de Poictou'', ''cinquiesme bransle'' (by 1636 named ''branle de Montirandé''), and a concluding ''gavotte'' . A variant is found in the ''Tablature de mandore'' (Paris, 1629) by François, Sieur de Chancy. A suite of seven dances collectively titled ''Branles de Boccan'' begins with a ''branle du Baucane'', composed by the dancing master and violinist Jacques Cordier, known as "Bocan", followed by a second, untitled branle then the ''branle gay'', ''branle de Poictu'', ''branle double de Poictu'', ''branle de Montirandé'' and ''la gavotte'' . In the late 16th century in England the branle was mentioned by Shakespeare (Love's Labor's Lost, 3. 1. 7: "Will you win your love with a French brawl?"). In the 17th century it was danced at the courts of Louis XIV of France and Charles II of England, where it became "even more common than in France" . There are even a few late examples in Beauchamp-Feuillet notation (invented in 1691), such as ''Danses nouvelles presentees au Roy'' (c. 1715) by Louis-Guillaume Pécour. In Italy the branle became the ''brando'', and in Spain the ''bran'' . The Branle seems to have travelled to Scotland and survived for some time as the ''brail''. Emmanuel Adriaenssen includes a piece called ''Branle Englese'' in his book of lute music, ''Pratum Musicum'' (1584) and Thomas Tomkins' ''Worster Braules'' is included in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book. But of thousands of lute pieces from England only 18 were called branle, though one called "courant" is known from continental sources as a branle . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Branle」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|