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A bressummer, breastsummer, summer beam (somier, sommier, sommer, somer, cross-somer, summer, summier,〔A Dictionary of the Old English Language〕 summer-tree,〔1913 Webster〕 or dorman, dormant tree) are load bearing beams in a timber framed building. The word summer derived from sumpter or French sommier, “a pack horse“, meaning “bearing great burden or weight“. “To support a superincumbent wall”, “any beast of burden”, and in this way is similar to a wall plate. The use and definition of these terms vary but generally a bressummer is a jetty sill and a summer is an interior beam supporting ceiling joists, see below: * (U. K.) In the outward part of the building, and the middle floors (not in the garrets or ground floors) into which the girders are framed. In the inner parts of a building, such beams are called "summers". It is part of the timber frame construction in the over-hanging upper story in jettying. * (U. K.) "Horizontal beam over a fireplace opening (alternatively ''lintel'', mantel beam), or set forward from the lower part of a building to support a jettied wall, a ''jetty bressummer''".〔Alcock, N. W.. Recording timber-framed buildings: an illustrated glossary. London: Council for British Archaeology, 1989. G4, 14h, 15b. ISBN 1872414729〕 * (U. K.) "...usually the sill of the upper wall above a jetty; otherwise any beam spanning an opening and supporting a wall above."〔Harris, Richard. Discovering timber-framed buildings. 2d ed. Aylesbury: Shire Publications, 1979. 94. ISBN 0747802157.〕 also called a "jetty sill". * (U. K.) Breastsummer is a beam in a wall which carries the load over a large opening derived from ''breast'' being in the front, mid-level and ''summer'': "A horizontal, bearing beam in a building; spec. the main beam supporting the girders or joists of a floor...".〔"Breastsummer" def. 1. ''Oxford English Dictionary'' Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009〕 * “a main piece of timber that supports a building, an architrave between two pillars“〔Bailey; Kennett, 1695〕 * "Breast-Summer, an architectural term for a beam employed like a lintel to support the front of a building, is a corruption of bressumer..."〔Folk-etymology: A Dictionary of Verbal Corruptions Or Words... quoting Parker's ''Glossary of Architecture''〕 * (U.S.A.) "Summer beam: A large timber spanning a room and supporting smaller floor joists on both sides."〔Sobon, Jack. Build a classic timber-framed house: planning and design, traditional materials, affordable methods. Pownal, Vt.: Storey Communications, 1994. 191.ISBN 0882668412〕 * (U.S.A.) "Summer beam. Heavy main horizontal beam, anchored in gable foundation walls, that supports forebay beams and barn frame above."〔Ensminger, Robert F.. The Pennsylvania barn: its origin, evolution, and distribution in North America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. 392.〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bressummer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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