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Burushaski 〔Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh〕 (), the language of the Burusho people, is a language isolate spoken in northern Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. As of 2000, Burushaski was spoken by some 87,000 people in Hunza-Nagar District, northern Gilgit District, and in the Yasin and Ishkoman valleys of northern Ghizer District. Their native region is located in northern Gilgit–Baltistan and borders Afghanistan's Pamir corridor to the north. Burushaski is also spoken by about 300 people in Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Copyright by Sadaf Munshi, 2006 )〕 Other names for the language are ''Biltum'', ''Khajuna'', ''Kunjut'', ''Brushaski'', ''Burucaki'', ''Burucaski'', ''Burushaki'', ''Burushki'', ''Brugaski'', ''Brushas'', ''Werchikwar'' and ''Miśa:ski''. Today, Burushaski contains numerous loanwords from Urdu (including English and Persian words received via Urdu), and from the neighbouring Dardic languages such as Shina and Khowar, as well as a few from Turkic languages, from the neighboring Sino-Tibetan language Balti, and from the neighboring Eastern Iranian Wakhi and Pashto. However, the original vocabulary remains largely intact. The Dardic languages also contain large numbers of loanwords from Burushaski. ==Classification== Attempts have been made to establish links between Burushaski and several different language families, although none has been accepted by a majority of linguists. Following Berger (1956), the ''American Heritage'' dictionaries suggested that the word '' *abel'' ‘apple’, the only name for a fruit (tree) reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European, may have been borrowed from a language ancestral to Burushaski. ("Apple" and "apple tree" are ''báalt'' in modern Burushaski.) Other hypotheses posit a genealogical relationship between Burushaski and the North Caucasian languages, Yeniseian languages and/or Indo-European languages, usually in proposed macrofamilies. * The proposed "Dené–Caucasian" macrofamily includes Burushaski as a primary branch alongside North Caucasian and Yeniseian.〔John Bengtson, ''Some features of Dene–Caucasian phonology (with special reference to Basque).'' Cahiers de l’Institut de Linguistique de Louvain (CILL) 30.4: 33-54,〕〔John Bengtson and V. Blazek, "Lexica Dene–Caucasica". Central Asiatic Journal 39, 1995, 11-50 & 161-164〕 * A proposed macrofamily, known as "Karasuk ",〔George van Driem (2001) ''Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region,'' Brill〕 includes Burushaski as part of a branch with North Caucasian,〔John Bengtson, ''Ein vergleich von buruschaski und nordkaukasisch,'' Georgica 20, 1997, 88-94 ()〕 with both linked more distantly to Yeniseian. * Some kind of relationship to the proposed "Indo-Hittite" macrofamily has been suggested by Eric P. Hamp. * There have also been proposals that Burushaski constitutes, or is descended from, a primary branch of Indo-European, albeit one not closely related to its present neighbors in the Indo-Iranian languages.〔Casule, Ilija. 2003. Evidence for the Indo-European laryngeals in Burushaski and its genetic affiliation with Indo-European. ''The Journal of Indo-European Studies'' 31:1–2, pp 21–86.〕〔Čašule, Ilija. 2012. (Correlation of the Burushaski Pronominal System with Indo-European and Phonological and Grammatical Evidence for a Genetic Relationship. ) ''The Journal of Indo-European Studies'' 40:1–2, pp 59 ''ff'', with review by Hamp, Huld, and Bengtson & Blazek〕 In particular, Ilija Casule has proposed similarities between Burushaski and the extinct Phrygian languages.〔(Correlation of the Burushaski pronominal system with Indo-European and phonological and grammatical evidence for a genetic relationship )〕 (Burushaski was not included in a 2008 attempt by Edward Vajda,〔() 〕 to revive Merritt Ruhlen's proposed "Dené–Yeniseian macrofamily", which linked Yeniseian and Na-Dene.) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Burushaski」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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