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Bugna
Bugna (Ge'ez ቡግና ''būgnā'', ''not'' pronounced "buña") is a woreda in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. It is named after the former district. Located in the northwest corner of the Semien Wollo Zone, Bugna is bordered on the south by Meket, on the west by the Debub Gondar Zone, on the north by the Wag Hemra Zone, and on the east by the Lasta woreda. The main town is 'Ayne. The Lasta woreda, where Lalibela is, was split off from Bugna.
== Overview ==
The altitude of this woreda ranges from 900 to over 4100 meters above sea level; the highest point in Bugna is Mount Abuna Yosef, on the border with Gidan; other notable peaks include Mount Qachen. Rivers include the Tekezé, which has its source in this woreda.〔Svein Ege, ("North Wälo 1:100,000. Topographic and administrative map of North Wälo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia" ). Trondheim, NTNU, 2002〕 Besides Lalibela, other notable landmarks in Bugna include the church of Yemrehana Krestos, as well as the ancient churches of Makina Madbane Alem,〔Described in David W. Phillipson, ''Ancient Churches of Ethiopia'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 81f〕 Bilbala Tcherqos,〔Described in Phillipson, ''Ancient Churches'', p. 110〕 Kankanet Mikael,〔Described in Phillipson, ''Ancient Churches'', pp. 110-112〕 and Gennete Maryam.〔Described in Phillipson, ''Ancient Churches'', pp. 112-118〕
A 1994 survey found Bugna extremely impoverished: "If you compare a farmer from this community with one from, say Debre Birhan, there is a big difference. In this community even better-off farmers sometimes migrate. Children leave their schools during the migration season."〔("Ethiopian Village Studies: Shumsheha, Lasta, Wollo" ), p.2. Centre for the Study of African Economies website (accessed 9 September 2009)〕 At least one part of the woreda has reportedly endured a serious famine for the previous 10 years. However, elders could remember that between 1952 and 1968 there was surplus production of various grains, and inhabitants could maintain a two-year stock of grain. Elders also report that in 1935 almost 85% of the land was covered with trees. The deforestation rate increased after the land was nationalized. Before then, the forests were privately owned and no-one was allowed to cut trees; after nationalization people started cutting trees and selling firewood. No measures were taken to control this until the time of the survey.〔"Ethiopian Village Studies", pp. 2, 4, 10〕 To combat increasing droughts and improve crop yields, one irrigation project has been undertaken in this woreda by the Commission for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Rehabilitation in the Amhara Region, affecting 70 hectares and benefiting 110 households.〔Seid Yassin, ("Small-Scale Irrigation and Household Food Security: A Case Study of Three Irrigation Schemes in Gubalafto Woreda of North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region" ), Master's Thesis, Graduate School of the University of Addis Ababa (June 2002), p. 42〕
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