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The Byzantine calendar, also called "Creation Era of Constantinople" or "Era of the World" (,〔Pavel Kuzenkov. "How Old is The World? The Byzantine Era and its Rivals". Institute for World History, Moscow, Russia. In: Elizabeth Jeffreys, Fiona K. Haarer, Judith Gilliland. ''(Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21–26 August 2006: Vol. 3, Abstracts of Communications ).'' Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. pp. 23–24.〕 also or ) was the calendar used by the Eastern Orthodox Church from c. 691 to 1728 in the Ecumenical Patriarchate. It was also the official calendar of the Byzantine Empire from 988 to 1453, and of Kievan Rus' and Russia from c. 988 to 1700. The calendar is based on the Julian calendar, except that the year started on 1 September and the year number used an Anno Mundi epoch derived from the Septuagint version of the Bible. It placed the date of creation at 5509 years before the Incarnation, and was characterized by a certain tendency which had already been a tradition among Jews and early Christians to number the years from the foundation of the world. (Latin: ''Annus Mundi'' or ''Ab Origine Mundi''— "AM"). Its year one, the supposed date of creation, was September 1, 5509 BC to August 31, 5508 BC. ==History== It is not known who invented the World era and when. However, the first appearance of the term is in the treatise of a certain "monk and priest", Georgios (AD 638–39), who mentions all the main variants of the ''"World Era"'' in his work.〔Fr. Diekamp, ''Der Mönch und Presbyter Georgios, ein unbekannter Schriftsteller des 7. Jahrhunderts,'' BZ 9 (1900) 14–51.〕〔Pavel Kuzenkov (Moscow). "(How old is the World? The Byzantine era κατα Ρωμαίους and its rivals )". ''21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies'', London 2006. pp.2–4.〕 Georgios argues that the main advantage of the World era is the common starting point of the astronomical lunar and solar cycles, and of the cycle of indictions, the usual dating system in Byzantium since the 6th century. He also already regards it as the most convenient for the Easter computus. Complex calculations of the 19-year lunar and 28-year solar cycles within this world era allowed scholars to discover the cosmic significance of certain historical dates, such as the birth of Christ or the Crucifixion.〔Prof. Dr. (Marcus Louis Rautman ). ''"Time."'' In (''Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire'' ). Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. pp.7〕 This date underwent minor revisions before being finalized in the mid-7th century, although its precursors were developed c. AD 412 (see ''Alexandrian Era''). By the second half of the 7th century, the ''Creation Era'' was known in Western Europe, at least in Great Britain.〔 By the late 10th century around AD 988, when the era appears in use on official government records, a unified system was widely recognized across the Eastern Roman world. The era was ultimately calculated as starting on September 1, and Jesus was thought to have been born in the year 5509 ''Annus Mundi'' (AM) – the year since the creation of the world.〔Paul Stephenson. ''"Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c.700–1204: (John Skylitzes, "Synopsis Historion"'': ''The Year 6508, in the 13th Indiction: the Byzantine dating system )"''. November 2006.〕 Thus historical time was calculated from the creation, and not from Christ's birth, as in the west. The Eastern Church avoided the use of the ''Anno Domini'' system of Dionysius Exiguus, since the date of Christ's birth was debated in Constantinople as late as the 14th century. Otherwise the ''Creation Era'' was identical to the Julian Calendar except that: : *the names of the months were transcribed from Latin into Greek, : *the first day of the year was September 1, so that both the Ecclesiastical and Civil calendar years ran from 1 September to 31 August, (see Indiction), which to the present day is the Church year, and, : *the date of creation, its year one, was September 1, 5509 BC to August 31, 5508 BC. The leap day of the Byzantine calendar was obtained in an identical manner to the bissextile day of the original Roman version of the Julian calendar, by doubling the sixth day before the calends of March, i.e., by doubling 24 February (numbering the days of a month from its beginning and hence the leap day of 29 February was an invention of the late Middle Ages). The ''Byzantine World Era'' was gradually replaced in the Orthodox Church by the ''Christian Era'', which was utilized initially by Patriarch Theophanes I Karykes in 1597, afterwards by Patriarch Cyril Lucaris in 1626, and then formally established by the Church in 1728.〔"Οικουμενικόν Πατριαρχείον", ΘHE, τόμ. 09, εκδ. Μαρτίνος Αθ., Αθήνα 1966, στ. 778. "Ecumenical Patriarchate". ''Religious and Ethical Encyclopedia''. Vol. 9., Athens, 1966. p.778.〕 Meanwhile, as Russia received Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium, she inherited the Orthodox Calendar based on the ''Byzantine Era'' (translated into Slavonic). After the collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, the era continued to be used by Russia, which witnessed millennialist movements in Moscow in AD 1492 (7000 AM) due to the end of the church calendar. It was only in AD 1700 that the ''Byzantine World Era'' in Russia was changed to the Julian Calendar by Peter the Great.〔Prof. Charles Ellis (University of Bristol). (Russian Calendar (988–1917) ). ''The Literary Encyclopedia''. 25 September 2008.〕 It still forms the basis of traditional Orthodox calendars up to today. September AD 2000 began the year 7509 AM. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Byzantine calendar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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