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Byzantinism (or Byzantism) is the political system and culture of the Byzantine Empire, and its spiritual successors, in particular, the Christian Balkan states, Russia, Georgia and Armenia.〔Dimiter G. Angelov, ''Byzantinism: The Imaginary and Real Heritage of Byzantium in Southeastern Europe'', in Dimitris Keridis, Ellen Elias-Bursać, Nicholas Yatromanolakis, ''New approaches to Balkan studies'', Brassey's, 2003, ISBN 1-57488-724-6, (Google Print, p.3 )〕〔Angelov 2003, (p.11 )〕 The term ''byzantinism'' itself was coined in the 19th century.〔Angelov 2003, (p.8 )〕 The term has primarily negative associations, implying complexity and autocracy. This negative reputation stressed the confusing complexities of the Empire's ministries, the elaborateness of its court ceremonies, as well as its supposed lack of backbone in martial affairs. Likewise, the "Byzantine system" also suggests a penchant for intrigue, plots and assassinations and an overall unstable political state of affairs. The term has been criticized by modern scholars for being a generalization that is not very representative of the reality of the Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy.〔Angelov 2003, (p.6 )〕〔Angelov 2003, (pp.17–18 )〕 ==Aristocracy and bureaucracy== (詳細はByzantine Empire is a modern term applied by Westerners to the medieval Roman Empire and thus had a complex system of aristocracy and bureaucracy which was derived from earlier Roman systems. At the apex of the pyramid stood the Emperor, sole ruler and divinely ordained, and beneath him a multitude of officials and court functionaries operated the administrative machinery of the state. A key component of state power was the prestige of the Imperial institution and its long antiquity. Ceremony and the granting of both honorific titles and valuable offices was therefore extensive and elaborate. Over the nearly fifteen hundred years of the empire's existence, different titles were adopted and discarded, and many lost or gained prestige. By the time of Heraclius in the 7th century many of the early Roman titles, grounded in the Latin language and the traditions of the old Roman republic had become obsolete in the now mostly Greek-speaking empire, although Latin survived longer in law and in the military. Heraclius formally changed the official language to Greek from Latin in 620. Titles inspired by their Greek tradition, often only rough approximation of Latin concepts, became common (i.e. "basileus" () instead of "caesar" or "augustus" for the title of the emperor himself.) Other titles changed meaning (for example, "Patriarch") or were devalued with time (such as "consul.") Among important qualities of the Empire was also the caesaropapism, the subjugation of church to the state.〔Angelov 2003, (pp.4–5 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Byzantinism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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