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Bürgergemeinde
The Bürgergemeinde (also Burgergemeinde, Ortsgemeinde, Ortsbürgergemeinde, Tagwen, bourgeoisie, commune bourgeoise, vischnanca burgaisa, (英語:Citizen's Community)) is a statutory corporation in public law in Switzerland. It includes all individuals who are citizens of the Bürgergemeinde, usually by having inherited the ''Bürgerrecht'' (citizenship), regardless of where they were born or where they may currently live. Instead of the place of birth, Swiss legal documents, e.g. passports, contain the ''Bürgerort'' (place of citizenship). The ''Bürgergemeinde'' also often holds and administers the common property in the village for the members of the community. The political communes or municipalities, the parish and the ''Bürgergemeinde'' often include the same area but have different focuses. With the increase in mobility since the first half of the 19th century, the ''Bürgergemeinde'' and the rights associated with citizenship in the community have lost most of their meaning. Today, in Switzerland there are nearly 2000 ''Bürgergemeinden'' and corporations.〔(Website of the Swiss Association of ''Bürgergemeinden'' and ''Korporationen'' ) 〕
==Names==
The Bürgergemeinde is known by different names in individual cantons. These names include: ''bourgeoisie'' (in Valais and Fribourg), ''commune bourgeois'' in Jura, ''Burgergemeinde'' (Bern, Valais), ''Ortsbürgergemeinde'' (Uri, Aargau), ''Ortsgemeinde'' (St. Gallen, Thurgau), ''vischnanca burgaisa'' (Graubünden) or ''Tagwen'' (Glarus). In Ticino, they are called ''patriziati'', which emerged from the so-called ''vicinanze'' and are their legal successor. In the cantons of Nidwalden, Schwyz, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Neuchâtel, Geneva, and Vaud there are no ''Bürgergemeinden'' (the political communes handle the associated responsibilities; however, citizenship of the ''Bürgerort'' resp. ''Heimatort'' is still inherited). In Nidwalden, Schwyz, and Appenzell Innerrhoden, however, there are privately organized corporations ((ドイツ語:Korporationsgemeinde)) that operate in much the same way.
The various types of ''Bürgergemeinden'' indicate the large differences in the degree of organization, powers and responsibilities that they hold throughout Switzerland. While in many places the political municipality holds the power to make and implement policy, in some cities the Bürgergemeinde has right to self-government, and can have its own executive council. In Basel and Bern the ''Bürgergemeinden'' even have their own parliament. In some cantons, the ''Bürgergemeinde'' still grants municipal citizenship, without which the acquisition of Swiss citizenship is impossible. In addition, in many places the ''Bürgergemeinde'' is active in the local community. They may run hospitals, retirement and youth homes, provide scholarships and support the unemployed, the disabled and addicted. Some ''Bürgergemeinden'' also provide services in the cultural field, such as supporting libraries and museums. To cover these tasks, the ''Bürgergemeinde'' may collect taxes or interest, or use their community assets (such as fields, farms and woods).〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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