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Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale
The ''Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale'' (MVSN, "Voluntary Militia for National Security"), commonly called the Blackshirts ((イタリア語:Camicie Nere), CCNN, singular: ''Camicia Nera'') or ''squadristi'' (singular: ''squadrista''), was originally the paramilitary wing of the National Fascist Party and, after 1923, an all-volunteer militia of the Kingdom of Italy. Its members were distinguished by their black uniforms (modelled on those of the ''Arditi'', Italy's elite troops of World War I) and their loyalty to Benito Mussolini, the ''Duce'' (leader) of Fascism, to whom they swore an oath. The founders of the paramilitary groups were nationalist intellectuals, former army officers and young landowners opposing peasants' and country labourers' unions. Their methods became harsher as Mussolini's power grew, and they used violence and intimidation against Mussolini's opponents.〔Bosworth, R. J. B, ''Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915–1945'' (Penguin Books, 2005), p. 117〕 In 1943 the MVSN was integrated into the Italian armed forces.
==History==
The Blackshirts were established as the ''squadristi'' in 1919 and consisted of many disgruntled former soldiers. It was given the task of leading fights against their bitter enemies – the Socialists. They may have numbered 200,000 by the time of Mussolini's March on Rome from 27 to 29 October 1922. In 1922 the ''squadristi'' were reorganized into the ''milizia'' and formed numerous ''bandiere'', and on 1 February 1923 the Blackshirts became the Volunteer Militia for National Security (''Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale'', or MVSN), which lasted until the 1943 Armistice of Cassibile. The Italian Social Republic, located in the areas of northern Italy occupied by Germany, reformed the MVSN into the Republican National Guard (''Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana'', or GNR).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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