|
The Central Security Service (CSS) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense, which was established in 1972 to integrate the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Service Cryptologic Elements (SCE) of the United States Armed Forces in the field of signals intelligence, cryptology and information assurance at the tactical level.〔(Central Security Service insignia ), NSA/CSS website〕 In 2002, the CSS had about 25,000 uniformed members.〔(History of the Central Security Service ), FAS.org〕 == History == After World War II had ended, the United States had two military organizations for the collection of signals intelligence (SIGINT): the Army Security Agency (ASA) and the Naval Communications Intelligence Organization (OP-20-G). The latter was deactivated and reorganized into the much smaller Communications Support Activities (CSA) in 1946, leaving ASA as the main US SIGINT agency. Additionally, the air force established its own US Air Force Security Service (USAFSS) for the collection of communications intelligence in 1948.〔Matthew M. Aid, The Secret Sentry, The Untold History of the National Security Agency, New York 2009, p. 8-19.〕 On May 20, 1949, the Secretary of Defense created the Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA), which became responsible for the direction and control of all US communications intelligence (COMINT) and communications security (COMSEC) activities. However, at the tactical level these tasks continued to be performed by the respective army, navy and air force agencies, which were not willing to accept the authority of the newly created AFSA. In trying to get control over the military SIGINT elements, AFSA was replaced by the new and more powerful National Security Agency (NSA) on October 24, 1952.〔Matthew M. Aid, The Secret Sentry, The Untold History of the National Security Agency, New York 2009, p. 20, 44.〕 Tactical military intelligence was traditionally collected by specialized soldiers, sailors, airmen, marines and coast guardsmen deployed around the world. For example, during the Vietnam War, each of the military services deployed its own cryptologic units, supported by the NSA, which set up a number of SIGINT Support Groups (SSGs) as merging points for signal intelligence. With increasing cryptologic requirements, the military SIGINT systems had to be updated and unified and therefore, it was planned to integrate NSA and the Service Cryptologic Agencies (SCAs) into a new unified command, with NSA absorbing SCA functions.〔National Security Agency, (60 Years of Defending Our Nation ), 2012, p. 36 and 53.〕 According to James Bamford, NSA/CSS was initially conceived as a separate "fourth service" beside the three United States Armed Forces. The latter resisted this idea, and therefore the CSS was founded as an inter-service organization. The Central Security Service was established by Presidential Directive in February 1972 to promote full partnership between the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Service Cryptologic Elements (SCEs) of the armed forces. The new NSA/CSS solution increased performance standards and training and was the foundation for further centralization of NSA and the various military cryptologic elements and capabilities.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Central Security Service」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|