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The United States diplomatic cables leak, widely known as Cablegate, began on Sunday, 28 November 2010〔Wikileaks ("Secret US Embassy Cables" )〕 when WikiLeaks—a non-profit organization that publishes submissions from anonymous whistleblowers—began releasing classified cables that had been sent to the U.S. State Department by 274 of its consulates, embassies, and diplomatic missions around the world. Dated between December 1966 and February 2010, the cables contain diplomatic analysis from world leaders, and the diplomats' assessment of host countries and their officials.〔Welch, Dylan. ("US red-faced as 'CABLEGATE' sparks global diplomatic crisis, courtesy of WikiLeaks" ), ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 29 November 2010.〕 According to WikiLeaks, the 251,287 cables consist of 261,276,536 words, making Cablegate "the largest set of confidential documents ever to be released into the public domain."〔("Secret US Embassy Cables" ), undated, accessed 5 September 2011.〕 The first document, the so-called Reykjavik 13 cable, was released by WikiLeaks on 18 February 2010, and was followed by the release of State Department profiles of Icelandic politicians a month later.〔Myers, Steven Lee. ("Charges for Soldier Accused of Leak" ), ''The New York Times'', 6 July 2010. * Also see Nicks, Denver. ("Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks" ), ''This Land'', 23 September 2010.〕 Later that year, Julian Assange, WikiLeaks' editor-in-chief, reached an agreement with media partners in Europe and the United States to publish the rest of the cables in redacted form, removing the names of sources and others in vulnerable positions. On 28 November, the first 220 cables were published under this agreement by ''El País'' (Spain), ''Der Spiegel'' (Germany), ''Le Monde'' (France), ''The Guardian'' (United Kingdom) and ''The New York Times'' (United States).〔Shane, Scott and Lehren, Andrew W. ("Leaked Cables Offer Raw Look at U.S. Diplomacy" ) ''The New York Times'', 28 November 2010.〕 WikiLeaks had planned to release the rest over several months, and as of 11 January 2011, 2,017 had been published. The remaining cables were published in September 2011 after a series of events compromised the security of a WikiLeaks file containing the cables. This included WikiLeaks volunteers placing an encrypted file containing all WikiLeaks data online as "insurance" in July 2010, in case something happened to the organization.〔Domscheit-Berg, Daniel. ''Inside WikiLeaks''. Doubleday 2011, pp. 192–195.〕 In February 2011 David Leigh of ''The Guardian'' published the encryption passphrase in a book; he had received it from Assange so he could access a copy of the Cablegate file, and believed the passphrase was a temporary one, unique to that file. In August 2011, a German magazine, ''Der Freitag'', published some of these details, enabling others to piece the information together and decrypt the Cablegate files. The cables were then available online, fully unredacted. In response, WikiLeaks decided on 1 September 2011 to publish all 251,287 unedited documents.〔Greenwald, Glenn. ("Facts and myths in the WikiLeaks/Guardian saga" ), ''Salon'', 2 September 2011. (Archived ) from the original on 7 March 2012. * Stöcker, Christian. ("A Dispatch Disaster in Six Acts" ), ''Der Spiegel'', 1 September 2011. (Archived ) from the original on 7 March 2012. * Mackey, Robert et al. ("All Leaked U.S. Cables Were Made Available Online as WikiLeaks Splintered" ), ''The New York Times'', 1 September 2011. (Archived ) from the original on 7 March 2012.〕 The publication of the cables was the third in a series of U.S. classified document "mega-leaks" distributed by WikiLeaks in 2010, following the Afghan War documents leak in July, and the Iraq War documents leak in October. Over 130,000 of the cables are unclassified, some 100,000 are labeled "confidential", around 15,000 have the higher classification "secret", and none are classified as "top secret" on the classification scale.〔 Reactions to the leak in 2010 varied. Western governments expressed strong disapproval, while the material generated intense interest from the public and journalists. Some political leaders referred to Assange as a criminal, while blaming the U.S. Department of Defense for security lapses. Supporters of Assange referred to him in November 2010 as a key defender of free speech and freedom of the press.〔Sanburn, Josh. ("Julian Assange—Who Will Be Time's 2010 Person of the Year?" ), ''Time'' magazine, 10 November 2010. * ("Julian Assange & WikiLeaks Are Doing The Right Thing! Carl Bernstein" ), ''The Joy Behar Show'', CNN, 1 December 2011; courtesy of ''YouTube'', accessed 11 January 2011. * ("Joy Behar Show—WikiLeaks Founder Placed on Interpol`s Most Wanted List for Alleged Sex Crimes; Scarborough Goes After Palin" ). ''The Joy Behar Show'', CNN, 1 December 2011. * ("In Defence of WikiLeaks" ), ''The Economist'', 29 November 2010. * Jenkins, Simon. ("US embassy cables: The job of the media is not to protect the powerful from embarrassment" ), ''The Guardian'', 28 November 2010. * Naureckas, Jim. ("WikiLeaks Hasn't 'Leaked' Anything" ). ''Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting'', 1 December 2010.〕 Reaction to the release in September 2011 of the unredacted cables attracted stronger criticism, and was condemned by the five newspapers that had first published the cables in redacted form in November 2010.〔("Release of full archive draws fury" ), ''Vancouver Sun'', 3 September 2011. * Also see ("No case, no need" ), ''The Guardian'', 2 September 2011.〕 ==Background== In June 2010, the magazine ''Wired'' reported that the U.S. State Department and embassy personnel were concerned that Chelsea (then known as Bradley) Manning, a United States Army soldier charged with the unauthorized download of classified material while stationed in Iraq, had leaked diplomatic cables. WikiLeaks rejected the report as inaccurate: "Allegations in ''Wired'' that we have been sent 260,000 classified U.S. embassy cables are, as far as we can tell, incorrect".〔Staff writer (6 June 2010). ("Allegations in ''Wired'' that we have been sent 260,000 classified US embassy cables are, as far as we can tell, incorrect." ). WikiLeaks (via Twitter). Retrieved 4 December 2010.〕 However, by June 2010, ''The Guardian'' had been offered "half a million military dispatches from the battlefields of Afghanistan and Iraq. There might be more after that, including an immense bundle of confidential diplomatic cables", and Alan Rusbridger, the editor of ''The Guardian'' had contacted Bill Keller, editor of ''The New York Times'', to see if he would be interested in sharing the dissemination of the information. Manning was suspected to have uploaded all that was obtained to WikiLeaks, which chose to release the material in stages so as to have the greatest possible impact.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cable Viewer ) 〕 According to ''The Guardian'', all the diplomatic cables were marked "Sipdis", denoting "secret internet protocol distribution", which means they had been distributed via the closed U.S. SIPRNet, the U.S. Department of Defense's classified version of the civilian internet. More than three million U.S. government personnel and soldiers have access to this network.〔Borger, Julian; Leigh, David. (28 November 2010). ("Siprnet: Where America Stores Its Secret Cables – Defence Department's Hidden Internet Is Meant To Be Secure, But Millions of Officials and Soldiers Have Access" ). ''The Guardian''. Accessed 12 December 2010. "The US general accounting office identified 3,067,000 people cleared to "secret" and above in a 1993 study."〕 Documents marked "top secret" are not included in the system. Such a large quantity of secret information was available to a wide audience because, as ''The Guardian'' alleged, after the 11 September attacks an increased focus had been placed on sharing information since gaps in intra-governmental information sharing had been exposed.〔 More specifically, the diplomatic, military, law enforcement and intelligence communities would be able to do their jobs better with this easy access to analytic and operative information.〔 A spokesman said that in the previous weeks and months additional measures had been taken to improve the security of the system and prevent leaks.〔 On 22 November, an announcement was made via WikiLeaks's ''Twitter'' feed that the next release would be "7× the size of the Iraq War Logs". U.S. authorities and the media had speculated, at the time, that they could contain diplomatic cables. Prior to the expected leak, the government of the United Kingdom (UK) sent a DA-Notice to UK newspapers, which requested advance notice from newspapers regarding the expected publication. Index on Censorship pointed out that "there is no obligation on () media to comply".〔 Under the terms of a DA-Notice, "()ewspaper editors would speak to () Defence, Press and Broadcasting Advisory Committee prior to publication".〔 ''The Guardian'' was revealed to have been the source of the copy of the documents given to ''The New York Times'' in order to prevent the British government from obtaining any injunction against its publication.〔Calderone, Michael (28 November 2010). ("''The Guardian'' Gave State Dept. Cables to the NY Times" ) Yahoo! News. Retrieved 3 December 2010.〕 The Pakistani newspaper ''Dawn'' stated that the U.S. newspapers ''The New York Times'' and ''The Washington Post'' were expected to publish parts of the diplomatic cables on 28 November, including 94 Pakistan-related documents. On 26 November, Assange sent a letter to the U.S. Department of State, via his lawyer Jennifer Robinson, inviting them to "privately nominate any specific instances (record numbers or names) where it considers the publication of information would put individual persons at significant risk of harm that has not already been addressed". Harold Koh, the Legal Adviser of the Department of State, rejected the proposal, stating: "We will not engage in a negotiation regarding the further release or dissemination of illegally obtained U.S. Government classified materials".〔 Assange responded by writing back to the U.S. State Department that "you have chosen to respond in a manner which leads me to conclude that the supposed risks are entirely fanciful and you are instead concerned to suppress evidence of human rights abuse and other criminal behaviour". Ahead of the leak, United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and other American officials contacted governments in several countries about the impending release. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「United States diplomatic cables leak」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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