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Cahora Bassa (HVDC)
Cahora-Bassa (previously spelled Cabora Bassa) is the name for an HVDC power transmission system between the Cahora Bassa Hydroelectric Generation Station at the Cahora Bassa Dam in Mozambique, and Johannesburg, South Africa.
==History==
The system was built between 1974 and 1979 and can transmit 1920 megawatts at a voltage level of ±533 kilovolts and 1800 Amperes.〔Compendium of HVDC schemes, CIGRÉ (Technical Brochure No. 003 ), 1987, pp89–94.〕 Thyristor valves are used, which unlike most other HVDC schemes are mounted outdoors and not in a valve hall. The valves are grouped into eight, 133 kV six-pulse bridges in series at each end. The long powerline runs through inaccessible terrain, so it is mostly built as monopolar lines apart. In case of a single line failure, transmission with reduced power is possible via the surviving pole and return through the earth.
Cahora-Bassa was out of service from 1985 to 1997 because of the Mozambican Civil War in the region. The project was beset with technological challenges, most notable of these being the adoption of solid-state rectification devices in a large-scale commercial installation. Mercury-arc valves had been the ''de facto'' standard for HVDC up to this time. Cahora Bassa was the first HVDC scheme ordered with thyristor valves, though its operation was delayed. It was also the first HVDC scheme operational in Africa, and the first anywhere in the world to operate above 500 kV. Significant commercial hurdles, culminating in hearings at an International Arbitration Tribunal seated in Lisbon, in 1988, also had to be overcome.
Following a refurbishment exercise,〔Venter, F.P., Marshall, D.A., Cuedes, C., Oberholzer, G., Re-commissioning experience with the Apollo - Cahora-Bassa HVDC scheme, CIGRÉ session, Paris, 1998, (paper reference 14-111 ).〕 the scheme was put back into commercial operation in October 1997.〔Oliveira,H., Sintra,L., Lokala,J., Pembele,I.E., Lubini,I.E.., Goossen,P.V., Bhana,S., Operating experiences in the HVDC systems of the Southern African power pool Cahora-Bassa: Apollo and Inga-Shaba, CIGRÉ session, Paris, 2000, (paper reference 14-111 ).〕 Between 2006 and 2009 the thyristor valves at the Apollo converter station were replaced by more modern water-cooled valves.〔Goosen,P., Reddy, C., Jonsson, B., Holmgren, T., Saksvik., O., Bjorklund, H., Upgrade of the Apollo HVDC converter station, CIGRÉ 6th Southern Africa Regional Conference, Cape Town, 2009, (paper reference P107 ).〕
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