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Caelus
Caelus or Coelus was a primal god of the sky in Roman myth and theology, iconography, and literature (compare ''caelum'', the Latin word for "sky" or "the heavens", hence English "celestial"). The deity's name usually appears in masculine grammatical form when he is conceived of as a male generative force, but the neuter form Caelum is also found as a divine personification.〔Neuter, for instance, at Varro, ''De lingua latina'' 5.57, where a masculine form might be expected for the partner of Terra. Neuter also at Hyginus, ''Fabula'' pr. 2 (17) in a series of divine personifications with Terra and Mare (the Sea). The masculine and neuter forms of the name ''Caelus'' and ''Caelum'' differ only in the vocative and nominative cases; when a second-declension noun appears in the genitive, dative, or ablative case, there is no way to distinguish whether the neuter or masculine is meant. When the deity is conceived of as plural, "the Heavens," the masculine ''Caeli'' is used, and not the neuter ''Caela'', which would create an ambiguity with first-declension nouns of feminine gender. Divine personifications in Latin are mostly feminine.〕
==Identity==
The name of Caelus indicates that he was the Roman counterpart of the Greek god Uranus (Οὐρανός, ''Ouranos''), who was of major importance in the theogonies of the Greeks. Varro couples him with Terra (Earth) as ''pater'' and ''mater'' (father and mother), and says that they are "great deities" (''dei magni'') in the theology of the mysteries at Samothrace.〔Varro, ''De lingua Latina'' 5.58.〕 Although Caelus is not known to have had a cult at Rome,〔Pierre Grimal, ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'' (Blackwell, 1986, 1996, originally published 1951 in French), pp. 83–84.〕 not all scholars consider him a Greek import given a Latin name; he has been associated with Summanus, the god of nocturnal thunder, as "purely Roman."〔Marion Lawrence, "The Velletri Sarcophagus," ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 69.3 (1965), p. 220.〕
Caelus begins to appear regularly in Augustan art and in connection with the cult of Mithras during the Imperial era. Vitruvius includes him among celestial gods whose temple-buildings ''(aedes)'' should be built open to the sky.〔Other gods for whom this ''aedes'' design was appropriate are Jupiter, Sol and Luna. Vitruvius, ''De architectura'' 1.2.5; John E. Stambaugh, "The Functions of Roman Temples," ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt'' II.16.1 (1978), p. 561.〕 As a sky god, he became identified with Jupiter, as indicated by an inscription that reads ''Optimus Maximus Caelus Aeternus Iupter''.〔''CIL'' 6.81.2.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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