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Calceology
Calceology (from Latin ''calcei'' "shoes" and , ''-logiā'', "-logy") is the study of footwear, especially historical footwear whether as archaeology, shoe fashion history, or otherwise. It is not yet formally recognized as a field of research. Calceology comprises the examination, registration, research and conservation of leather shoe fragments.〔O. Goubitz “Calceology: a new hobby: the drawing and recording of archaeological footwear.” Recent Research in Archaeological Footwear, Association of Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors, Technical Paper No. 8, 1987, pp. 1–28〕 A wider definition includes the general study of the ancient footwear, its social and cultural history, technical aspects of pre-industrial shoemaking and associated leather trades, as well as reconstruction of archaeological footwear.
==History of calceology==
Among the early studies of footwear from European archaeological excavations, Roman period footwear figures prominently〔L. Lindenschmit, ''Die Alterthümer unserer heidnischen Vorzeit'' Band 4, Römisch-Geranisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz 1900〕〔J. Curle, ''A Roman Frontier Post and its People''Glasgow 1910〕 followed by medieval period finds.〔R. Blomqvist, "Medeltida Skor i Lund" (Medieval Shoes from Lund), ''Kulturen '' 1938, pp. 189–219〕〔A. Gansser-Burckhardt, "Die frühzeitliche Handwerkersiedelung am Petersberg in Basel, ''Zeitschrift für Schweizerische Archaeologie und Kunstgeschichte'' 1940, pp.10–29〕 Scientifically based research was first applied to Roman period finds〔W. Groenman-van Waateringe, ''Romeins lederwerk uit Valkenburg Z.H.'' Groningen 1967〕 and later for prehistoric and primitive footwear.〔M. Hald,''Primitive Shoes'' Copenhagen 1972.〕 With the development of the Goubitz notation system, the technical aspects of the recovered shoe fragments could be clearly presented, allowing researchers a coherent scientific base for leather artifact documentation and correct interpretation.〔O. Goubitz, 'The Drawing and Registration of Archaeological Footwear',''Studies in Conservation'', Volume 29, Number 4, 1984, pp. 187–196〕 The interest in the history of ancient shoe fashion starts in the 17th century.〔Balsuinius, B., Nigronius, Jul.De Calceo Antiquo, De Caliga Veterum, Amsterdam 1667〕 The interpretation of historical socio-cultural attributes shows the importance of footwear in an archaeological context.〔W. Groenman-van Waateringe, "Society ... rests on leather", ''Rotterdam Papers II, A contribution to medieval archeology'', Rotterdam 1975, pp.23–34〕〔F. Grew / M. de Neergard, ''Shoes and Pattens''London 1988〕〔C. van Driel-Murray, "And did those feet in ancient time ... Feet and shoes as a material projection of the self", ''TRAC 98. Proceedings of the 8th Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Leicester''Oxford, 1999, pp. 131–140〕 The reference book for calceological studies covers the chronological span from European prehistory (Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages), Roman period, the Middle Ages to the 19th century.〔O. Goubitz / C. van Driel-Murray / W. Groenman-van Waateringe, ''Stepping Through Time'', Zwolle, 2001〕 Calceological studies outside of Europe include the eastern coast and bays of North America for post-1600 sites,〔S. Davis, "Piecing together the past: footwear and other artefacts from the wreck of a 16th-century Spanish Basque galleon", ''Artefacts from Wrecks, dated assemblages from the Late Middle Ages to the Industrial revolution''Exeter, 1997, pp.111–120〕 and the North African sites for Egyptian, Roman and Coptic periods.
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