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The Caledonians ((ラテン語:Caledones) or ''ラテン語:Caledonii''; , ''Kalēdōnes'') or the Caledonian Confederacy were a group of indigenous peoples of what is now Scotland during the Iron Age and Roman eras. The name is an exonym: the Ancient Greeks and Romans knew their territory as Caledonia and used the term vaguely to reference its inhabitants. The Caledonians were initially considered to be a group of Britons,〔(Encyclopaedia Romana. ) University of Chicago. accessed March 1, 2007〕 but were later distinguished as the Picts. The Caledonians were enemies of the Roman Empire, which was the occupying force then administering most of Great Britain as the Roman province of ''Britannia''. The Caledonians, like many Celtic tribes in Britain, were hillfort builders and farmers who defeated and were defeated by the Romans on several occasions. The Romans never fully occupied Caledonia, though several attempts were made. Nearly all of the information available about the Caledonians is based on predominately Roman sources, which may suggest bias. Peter Salway considers the Caledonians to have consisted of indigenous Pictish tribes augmented by fugitive Brythonic resistance fighters fleeing from ''Britannia''. The Caledonian tribe, after which the historical Caledonian Confederacy is named, may have been joined in conflict with Rome by tribes in northern central Scotland by this time, such as the Vacomagi, Taexali and Venicones recorded by Ptolemy. The Romans reached an accommodation with Brythonic tribes such as the Votadini as effective buffer states. ==Etymology== According to Zimmer (2006), Caledonia is derived from the tribal name ''Caledones'' (or rather ''Calīdones''), which he etymologizes as "possessing hard feet" ("alluding to standfastness or endurance", from the Proto-Celtic roots '' *kal-'' "hard" and '' *φēdo-'' "foot").〔Zimmer, Stefan, "Some Names and Epithets in Culhwch ac Olwen", in: Studi Celtici 3, 2004 (2006 ), p. 163-179.〕 Similarly, Moffat (2005) suggests that the name is related to the Welsh word ''caled'', "hard" (Brittonic *caletV-), which could refer to the rocky land or the hardiness of the people, combined with the augmentative suffix ''-on-'': thus '' *caletonos'' "great hardy one", '' *caletoni'' "great hardy ones".〔Moffat (2005), p. 22.〕 This etymology poses problems, however, as we would then expect '' *Caletoni'' rather than the attested ''Caledones''/''Calidones'' and it would not explain the internal i-affection of '' *Cal-'' to '' *Cel-'' in the Old Welsh version of the name, Celidon, which requires an -i- in the second syllable.〔Zimmer, Stefan, "Some Names and Epithets in Culhwch ac Olwen", in: Studi Celtici 3, 2004 (2006 ), p. 163-179.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Caledonians」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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