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Californio (historical and regional Spanish for "Californian") is a term used to identify a Spanish-speaking, mostly Roman Catholic people (or people of Latin American descent, regardless of race), born in Spanish/Mexican Alta California from the time of the first Spanish presence established by the Portolá expedition in (1769) to the region's cession to the United States of America in 1848. Others sometimes referred to as Californios (many appear in the "Notable Californios" section below) include: * Early Alta California immigrants who settled down and made new lives in the province, regardless of where they were born. This group includes most parents of Californios except indigenous peoples of California. * Descendants of Californios, especially those who married other Californios. By some definitions, the much larger population of indigenous peoples of California were not Californios. Neither were the non-Spanish-speaking resident foreigners. Many Californios, however, were the California-born children of non-Spanish speakers who married Spanish speakers. Such spouses usually also converted to the Catholic faith and, after Mexican became independent of Spain in 1821, often became naturalized Mexican citizens. The military, religious and civil components of pre-1848 Californio society were embodied in the thinly-populated presidios, missions, pueblos and ranchos.〔Harrow, Neal; "California Conquered: The Annexation of a Mexican Province, 1846–1850"; pp. 14–30; University of California Press; 1989; ISBN 978-0-520-06605-2〕 Until they were secularized in the 1830s, the twenty-one Spanish missions of California, with their thousands of more-or-less captive native converts, controlled the most (about per mission) and best land, had large numbers of workers, grew the most crops and had the most sheep, cattle and horses. After secularization, the Mexican authorities divided most of the mission lands into new ranchos and granted them to Mexican citizens (including many Californios) resident in California. The Spanish colonial and later Mexican national governments encouraged settlers from the northern and western provinces of Mexico, as well as people from other parts of Latin America (most notably Peru and Chile) to settle in California. However, only a few official colonization efforts were ever undertaken—notably the second expeditions of Gaspar de Portolá (1770) and of Juan Bautista de Anza (1775–1776). Children of those few early settlers and retired soldiers became the first "true" Californios. One genealogist estimated that, in 2004, between 300,000 and 500,000 Californians were descendants of Californios.〔 == Society and customs == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Californio」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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