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In linguistics, a calque () or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word ((ラテン語:verbum pro verbo)) or root-for-root translation. Used as a verb, ''to calque'' means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. ''Calque'' is a loanword from a French noun, and derives from the verb ''calquer'' (to trace, to copy).〔(Calque, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000 )〕 The word “Loanword” is a calque of the German word ''Lehnwort'', just as “loan translation” is a calque of ''Lehnübersetzung''.〔(Robb: German English Words germanenglishwords.com )〕 Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases, a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language or when the calque contains less obvious imagery. Calquing is distinct from phono-semantic matching. While calquing includes semantic translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching (i.e. retaining the approximate sound of the borrowed word through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existing word or morpheme in the target language). ==Types of calque== One system classifies calques into five groups:〔May Smith, ''The Influence of French on Eighteenth-century Literary Russian'', p. 29-30.〕 * the semantic calque, where additional meanings of the source word are transferred to the word with the same primary meaning in the target language; * the phraseological calque, where idiomatic phrases are translated word-for-word; * the syntactic calque, where a syntactic function or construction in the source language is imitated in the target language; * the loan-translation, where a word is translated morpheme-by-morpheme into another language; * the morphological calque, where the inflection of a word is transferred. This terminology is not universal. Some authors call a morphological calque a "morpheme-by-morpheme translation".〔Claude Gilliot, "The Authorship of the Qur'ān" in Gabriel Said Reynolds, ''The Qur'an in its Historical Context'', p. 97〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Calque」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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