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thumb The Călușari ((:kəluˈʃarʲ)) were the members of a Romanian fraternal secret society who practiced a ritual acrobatic dance known as the căluș. According to the Romanian historian Mircea Eliade, the Călușari were known for "their ability to create the impression of flying in the air"〔Eliade, Mircea (February 1975). "Some Observations on European Witchcraft" in ''History of Religions'' Volume 14, Number 3. Page 161.〕 which he believed represented both the galloping of a horse and the dancing of the fairies (''zîne''). Indeed, the group’s patron was the "Queen of the Fairies" (''Doamna Zînelor''), who was also known as Irodiada and Arada, and who Eliade connected with the folkloric figure Diana.〔Eliade, Mircea (February 1975). "Some Observations on European Witchcraft" in ''History of Religions'' Volume 14, Number 3. Page 160-161.〕 Due to their connection with the fairies, the Călușari were believed to be able to cure the victims of fairies and for around two weeks - from three weeks after Easter till Pentecost - would travel to all the local communities where they would dance, accompanied by a few fiddlers, in order to do so.〔Eliade, Mircea (February 1975). "Some Observations on European Witchcraft" in ''History of Religions'' Volume 14, Number 3. Page 162.〕 In their dance, the Călușari carried clubs and a sword, as well as a flag and a wooden horsehead. They swore on the group’s flag to treat each other as brothers, to respect the customs of the Călușari and to remain chaste for the next nine days.〔 Upon their return home, their flag was fixed into the ground, with one member climbing it and crying out "war, dear ones, war!".〔 The origins of the Călușari are unknown, although the first written attestations are from the 17th century musical notations of Ioan Căianu. Eliade noted that "Although the oath taken is made in the name of God, the mythico-ritual scenario enacted by the calusari has nothing in common with Christianity" and that, in the 19th century at least, there was clerical opposition to the group, with its members being excluded from taking communion for three years in some regions.〔 ==Etymology== The Romanian historian of religion Mircea Eliade believed that the term Călușari originated with the Romanian word for horse, ''cal'', from the Latin ''caballus''.〔Eliade, Mircea (1973). Notes on the Călușari in The Gaster Festschrift: The Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University. Number 5. Page 115-122.〕 The generally accepted derivation of ''Căluș'' is from the old Latin double form "collusium, collusii", meaning both "a dance group" and "a secret society", however other derivations have been proposed. The Romanian word ''căluș'' also means "a small piece of wood placed in the mouth to prevent talking", and derivation from this word has some support from the presence of the mute figure in some groups, and the ritual silence that used to be observed by the entire group. Others see ''căluș'' as a diminutive of ''cal'' "horse", in turn derived from the Latin ''caballus'', and point to the horse's mythical associations with fertility and war, as well as the imitation of horses found in certain Căluș dances, although these dances do not currently play a principal role in the ritual. Another theory is that it derives from "Coli-Salii", the Roman priests dedicated to the worship of Mars. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Călușari」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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