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Xipe Totec
In Aztec mythology and religion, Xipe Totec (; ) or Xipetotec〔Robelo 1905, p. 768.〕 ("Our Lord the Flayed One")〔Marshall Saville, 1929, p. 155.〕 was a life-death-rebirth deity, god of agriculture, vegetation, the east, disease, spring, goldsmiths, silversmiths, liberation and the seasons.〔Fernández 1992, 1996, pp.60-63. Matos Moctezuma 1988, p.181. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, pp.54-5. Neumann 1976, pp.252.〕 Xipe Totec was also known by the alternative names Tlatlauhca, Tlatlauhqui Tezcatlipoca ("Red Smoking Mirror") and Youalahuan ("the Night Drinker").〔Fernández 1992, 1996, p.60. Neumann 1976, p.255.〕 The Tlaxcaltecs and the Huexotzincas worshipped a version of the deity under the name of Camaxtli,〔Fernández 1992, 1996, p.60-1.〕 and the god has been identified with Yopi, a Zapotec god represented on Classic Period urns.〔Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.188.〕 The female equivalent of Xipe Totec was the goddess Xilonen-Chicomecoatl.〔Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.426.〕
Xipe Totec connected agricultural renewal with warfare.〔Evans and Webster 2001, p. 107.〕 He flayed himself to give food to humanity, symbolic of the way maize seeds lose their outer layer before germination and of snakes shedding their skin. Without his skin, he was depicted as a golden god. Xipe Totec was believed by the Aztecs to be the god that invented war.〔Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.423.〕 His insignia included the pointed cap and rattle staff, which was the war attire for the Mexica emperor.〔Toby Evans & David Webster, 2001, p.107〕 He had a temple called Yopico within the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan.〔 Xipe Totec is associated with pimples, inflammation and eye diseases,〔http://www.ancient.eu/Xipe_Totec/〕 and possibly plague.
This deity is of uncertain origin. Xipe Totec was widely worshipped in central Mexico at the time of the Spanish Conquest,〔 and was known throughout most of Mesoamerica.〔Fernández 1992, 1996, p.60.〕 Representations of the god have been found as far away as Mayapan in the Yucatán Peninsula.〔Milbrath & Peraza Lope 2003, pp.19, 23, 26.〕 The worship of Xipe Totec was common along the Gulf Coast during the Early Postclassic. The deity probably became an important Aztec god as a result of the Aztec conquest of the Gulf Coast in the middle of the fifteenth century.〔
==Attributes==
Xipe Totec appears in codices with his right hand upraised and his left hand extending towards the front.〔Marshall Saville, 1929, p.155.〕 Xipe Totec is represented wearing flayed human skin, usually with the flayed skin of the hands falling loose from the wrists.〔Fernández 1992, 1996, p.60. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.422.〕 His hands are bent in a position that appears to possibly hold a ceremonial object.〔Marshall H. Saville 1929, p.156.〕 His body is often painted yellow on one side and tan on the other.〔 His mouth, lips, neck, hands and legs are sometimes painted red. In some cases, some parts of the human skin covering is painted yellowish-gray. The eyes are not visible, the mouth is open and the ears are perforated.〔 He frequently had vertical stripes running down from his forehead to his chin, running across the eyes.〔 He was sometimes depicted with a yellow shield and carrying a container filled with seeds.〔Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.468.〕 One Xipe Totec sculpture was carved from volcanic rock, and portrays a man standing on a small pedestal. The chest has an incision, made in order to extract the heart of the victim before flaying. It is likely that sculptures of Xipe Totec were ritually dressed in the flayed skin of sacrificial victims and wore sandals.〔Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.171.〕〔Marshall H. Saville 1929, p.155.〕
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