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The Camorra〔Italian: (:kaˈmɔrra); Neapolitan: .〕 is an Italian Mafia-type〔(Mafia and Mafia-type organizations in Italy ), by Umberto Santino, in: Albanese, Das & Verma, ''Organized Crime. World Perspectives'', pp. 82-100〕 crime syndicate, or secret society, that originated in the region of Campania and its capital Naples. It is one of the oldest and largest criminal organizations in Italy, dating back to the 16th century. Unlike the pyramidal structure of the Sicilian Mafia, the Camorra's organizational structure is more horizontal than vertical. Consequently, individual Camorra clans act independently of each other, and are more prone to feuding among themselves. Despite the Camorra's origins, the organization presently has ramifications in other Italian regions, such as the southern Lazio, Emilia-Romagna, and Veneto.〔 Camorra, Lessico del XXI Secolo (2012), Treccani, Roma 2012. 〕 ==Background== The origins of the Camorra are not entirely clear. It may date back to the 16th century as a direct Italian descendant of a Spanish secret society, the Garduña, founded in 1417. Officials of the Kingdom of Naples may have introduced the organization to the area, or it may have grown gradually out of small criminal gangs operating in Neapolitan society near the end of the 18th century.〔Behan, ''The Camorra'', pp. 9-10〕 However, recent historical research in Spain suggests that the Garduña never really existed and was based on a fictional 19th century book.〔 (Interview with historian Hipólito Sánchiz ), Minuto digital, December 11, 2006〕 The first official use of the word dates from 1735, when a royal decree authorised the establishment of eight gambling houses in Naples. The word is almost certainly a blend of "capo" (boss) and a Neapolitan street game, the "morra".〔〔 (Il gioco della morra ), Biblioteca digitale sulla Camorra (accessed May 25, 2011)〕 (In this game, two persons wave their hands simultaneously, while a crowd of surrounding gamblers guess, in chorus, at the total number of fingers exposed by the principal players.)〔(Purity ), Time Magazine, July 30, 1923 〕 This activity was prohibited by the local government, and some people started making the players pay for being “protected” against the passing police.〔〔Jacquemet, ''Credibility in Court'', p. 23〕〔 (Camorra, alle radici del male ), Narcomafie on line, October 29, 2001 〕 The Camorra first emerged during the chaotic power vacuum in the years between 1799–1815, when a Neapolitan Republic was proclaimed on the wave of the French Revolution and the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty. The first official mention of the Camorra as an organisation dates from 1820, when police records detail a disciplinary meeting of the Camorra, a tribunal known as the ''Gran Mamma''. That year a first written statute, the ''frieno'', was also discovered, indicating a stable organisational structure in the underworld. Another statute was discovered in 1842, including initiation rites and funds set aside for the families of those imprisoned. The organisation was also known as the ''Bella Società Riformata'', ''Società dell’Umirtà'' or ''Onorata Società''.〔Behan, ''The Camorra'', pp. 12〕〔Sales, ''La camorra, le camorre'', pp. 72-73〕 The evolution into more organized formations indicated a qualitative change: the Camorra and ''camorristi'' were no longer local gangs living off theft and extortion; they now had a fixed structure and some kind of hierarchy. Another qualitative leap was the agreement of the liberal opposition and the Camorra, following the defeat in the 1848 revolution. The liberals realized that they needed popular support to overthrow the king. They turned to the Camorra and paid them, the camorristi being the leaders of the city’s poor. The Camorra effectively had developed into power brokers in a few decades.〔 The Camorra was never a coherent whole nor a centralised organization. Instead, it has always been a loose confederation of different, independent groups or families. Each group was bound around kinship ties and controlled economic activities which took place in its particular territory. Each family clan took care of its own business, protected its territory, and sometimes tried to expand at another group’s expense. Although not centralized, there was some minimal coordination, to avoid mutual interference. The families competed to maintain a system of checks and balances between equal powers.〔Jacquemet, ''Credibility in Court'', p. 24〕 One of the Camorra's strategies to gain social prestige is political patronage. The family clans became the preferred interlocutors of local politicians and public officials, because of their grip on the community. In turn, the family bosses used their political sway to assist and protect their clients against the local authorities. Through a mixture of brute force, political status, and social leadership, the Camorra family clans imposed themselves as middlemen between the local community and bureaucrats and politicians at the national level. They granted privileges and protection, and intervened in favour of their clients in return for their silence and connivance against local authorities and the police. With their political connections, the heads of the major Neapolitan families became power brokers in local and national political contexts, providing Neapolitan politicians with broad electoral support, and in return receiving benefits for their constituency.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Camorra」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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