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Candiacervus
''Candiacervus'' is an extinct genus of deer native to Pleistocene Crete.〔Van der Geer, A.A.E., Dermitzakis, M., De Vos, J. 2006. Crete before the Cretans: the reign of dwarfs. Pharos 13, 121-132. Athens: Netherlands Institute.(PDF )〕 Their most notable feature, besides their peculiar, spatula-shaped antlers, was their small stature: the smallest species, ''C. ropalophorus'', stood about 40 cm at the shoulders when fully grown, as can be inferred from a mounted skeleton.〔Van der Geer, A.A.E., De Vos, J., Lyras, G., Dermitzakis, M. 2005. The mounting of a skeleton of the fossil species Candiacervus sp. II from Liko Cave, Crete, Greece. Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears 12, 337-346〕 As such, the genus is considered to be a textbook example of insular dwarfism.〔Van der Geer, A.A.E., De Vos, J., Dermitzakis, M., Lyras, G., 2009. Hoe dieren op eilanden evolueren. Majorca, Ibiza, Kreta, Sardiniie, Sicilie, Japan, Madagaskar, Malta. Utrecht: Veen Magazines; ISBN 978-90-8571-169-8.(Ga naar Bruna )〕 Other features are the relatively short limbs, the massivity of the bones and the simplified antler.〔Van der Geer, A.A.E., De Vos, J., Lyras, G., Dermitzakis, M. (2006). New data on the Pleistocene Cretan deer Candiacervus sp. II (Mammalia, Cervinae). In: Kahlke, R.-D., Maul, L. C. & Mazza, P. (Eds.): Late Neogene and Quaternary biodiversity and evolution: Regional developments and interregional correlations. Proceedings of the 18th International Senckenberg Conference (VI International Palaeontological Colloquium in Weimar) vol. II. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 256, 131-137. Frankfurt am Main.〕
Ironically, they were closely related to the giant Irish Elk, with some experts regarding ''Candiacervus'' as a subgenus of ''Megaloceros''.〔Capasso Barbato L. 1992b. Observations on the biostratigraphy of Cretan Pleistocene vertebrates. Il Quaternario 5 (1), 67-76.〕
== Large variation ==
The Cretan deer is represented by no less than eight different morphotypes, ranging from dwarf size with withers height of about 40 cm to very large with withers height of about 165 cm.〔De Vos J. 1984. The endemic Pleistocene deer of Crete. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, afd. Natuur¬kunde, eerste reeks 31. North Holland Publishing Compa¬ny. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York. 100 pp.〕 This is explained as a sympatric speciation to occupy all possible empty niches ranging from dense forest to prickly rocks. The coexistence of various environments has been confirmed by studies on the rich fossil avifauna. The most typical Cretan deer are the two smallest sizes, which have not only relatively and absolutely short limbs,〔Van der Geer, A.A.E., Dermitzakis, M. 2006. Relative growth of the metapodals in a juvenile island deer: Candiacervus (Mammalia, Cervidae) from the Pleistocene of Crete. Hellenic Journal of Geosciences (formerly Annales Géologiques de Pays Helleniques) 41 (1), 119-125. (link PDF )〕 but also long and simplified antlers; these species occupied a niche close to that of the wild goat of Crete today: barren rocks with thorny bushes, as shown by features of their osteology and goat-like body proportions. It deviated so much from mainland deer that it is impossible to indicate with certainty its ancestor. Suggested ancestors are ''Cervus peloponnesiacus'' and ''Megaloceros verticornis''.
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