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The biological family Canidae 〔Canidae. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Canidae (accessed: February 16, 2009).〕 is a lineage of carnivorans that includes domestic dogs, wolves, foxes, jackals, coyotes, and many other extant and extinct dog-like mammals. A member of this family is called a canid (, ).〔Canid (Merriam-Webster.com. Canid definition ) Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2014-05-27〕 The Canidae family is divided into two tribes: the Canini (dogs, wolves, jackals, and some South American "foxes") and the Vulpini (true foxes). Canids have a long evolutionary history. In the Eocene, about 50 million years ago, the carnivorans split into two lineages, the caniforms (dog-like) and feliforms (cat-like). By the Oligocene, some ten million years later, the first true canids had appeared and the family split into three subfamilies, Hesperocyoninae, Borophaginae, and Caninae. Only the last of these has survived until the present day. Canids are found on all continents except Antarctica having arrived independently or accompanied human beings over extended periods of time. Canids vary in size from the 2-m-long (6 ft 7 in) gray wolf to the 24-cm-long (9.4 in) fennec fox. The body forms of canids are similar, typically having long muzzles, upright ears, teeth adapted for cracking bones and slicing flesh, long legs, and bushy tails. They are mostly social animals, living together in family units or small groups and behaving cooperatively. Typically, only the dominant pair in a group breeds, and a litter of young is reared annually in an underground den. Canids communicate by scent signals and by vocalizations. One canid, the domestic dog (including the dingo), long ago entered into a partnership with humans and today remains one of the most widely kept domestic animals. == Phylogenetic relationships == Within the Canidae, the results of allozyme and chromosome analyses have previously suggested several phylogenetic divisions: # The wolf-like canids, (genus ''Canis'', ''Cuon'' and ''Lycaon'') including the dog, gray wolf (''Canis lupus''), red wolf (''Canis rufus''), eastern wolf (''Canis lycaon''), coyote (''Canis latrans''), golden jackal (''Canis aureus''), Ethiopian wolf (''Canis simensis''), black-backed jackal (''Canis mesomelas''), side-striped jackal (''Canis adustus''), dhole (''Cuon alpinus''), and African wild dog (''Lycaon pictus'').〔 # The fox-like canids, which include the kit fox ("Vulpes aelox"), red fox (''Vulpes vulpes''), Cape fox (''Vulpes chama''), Arctic fox (''Vulpes lagopus''), and fennec fox (''Vulpes zerda'').〔 # The South American canids, including the bush dog (''Speothos venaticus''), hoary fox (''Lycalopex uetulus''), crab-eating fox (''Cerdocyon thous'') and maned wolf.〔 # Various monotypic taxa, including the bat-eared fox (''Otocyon megalotis''), gray fox (''Urocyon cinereoargenteus''), and raccoon dog (''Nycteruetes procyonoides'').〔 |2=Golden jackal }} }} }} }} |2= }} |2= }} }} |2=Crab-eating fox }} |2=Short-eared dog }} |2= |2= }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} DNA analysis shows that the first three form monophyletic clades. The wolf-like canids and the fox-like canids together form the tribe Canini. Molecular data imply a North American origin of living Canidae some ten million years ago and an African origin of wolf-like canines (''Canis'', ''Cuon'', and ''Lycaon''), with the jackals being the most basal of this group. The South American clade is rooted by the maned wolf and bush dog, and the fox-like canids by the fennec fox and Blanford's fox. The grey fox and island fox are basal to the other clades, however this topological difference is not strongly supported. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Canidae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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