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Canopy (biology)
In biology, the canopy is the aboveground portion of a plant community or crop, formed by the collection of individual plant crowns.〔Campbell, G.S., and J.M. Norman. 1990. The description and measurement of plant canopy structure. pp. 1-19 In: Russell, G., B. Marshall, and P.G. Jarvis (editors). ''Plant Canopies: Their Growth, Form and Function''. Cambridge University Press.〕〔Moffett, M.W. 2000. What's ''up''? A critical look at the basic terms of canopy biology. ''Biotropica'' 32:569-596.〕〔Hay, R., and R. Porter. 2006 ''Physiology of Crop Yield'' (Second edition). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-0859-2, ISBN 978-1-4051-0859-1〕
In forest ecology, canopy also refers to the upper layer or habitat zone, formed by mature tree crowns and including other biological organisms (epiphytes, lianas, arboreal animals, etc.).〔Parker, G.G. 1995. Structure and microclimate of forest canopies. pp. 73-106 In: Lowman, M.D. and N.M. Nadkarni (editors). ''Forest Canopies''. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.〕
Sometimes the term canopy is used to refer to the extent of the outer layer of leaves of an individual tree or group of trees. Shade trees normally have a dense canopy that blocks light from lower growing plants.
== Canopy structure ==
Canopy structure is the organization or spatial arrangement (three-dimensional geometry) of a plant canopy. Leaf Area Index (LAI), leaf area per unit ground area, is a key measure used to understand and compare plant canopies.
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