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Allosauroidea
Allosauroidea is a superfamily or clade of theropod dinosaurs which contains four families — the Metriacanthosauridae, Allosauridae, Carcharodontosauridae, and Neovenatoridae. The oldest-known allosauroid, ''Shidaisaurus jinae'', appeared in the early Middle Jurassic (probably Bajocian stage) of China. The last known definitive surviving members of the group died out around 93 million years ago in Asia (''Shaochilong'') and South America (''Mapusaurus''), though the megaraptorans, including the late-surviving ''Orkoraptor'' of the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian stage), may belong to the group as well. Additional, but highly fragmentary, remains probably belonging to carcharodontosaurids have been found from the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary (70 Ma ago) in Brazil.〔Fernandes de Azevedo, R. P., Simbras, F. M., Furtado, M. R., Candeiro, C. R. A., & Bergqvist, L. P. (2012). First Brazilian carcharodontosaurid and other new theropod dinosaur fossils from the Campanian–Maastrichtian Presidente Prudente Formation, São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. Cretaceous Research.〕 Allosauroids had long, narrow skulls, large orbits, three-fingered hands, and usually had "horns" or ornamental crests on their heads. The most famous and best understood allosauroid is the North American genus ''Allosaurus''.
==Classification==
The clade Allosauroidea was originally proposed by Phil Currie and Zhao (1993; p. 2079), and later used as an undefined stem-based taxon by Paul Sereno (1997). Sereno (1998; p. 64) was the first to provide a stem-based definition for the Allosauroidea, defining the clade as "All neotetanurans closer to ''Allosaurus'' than to Neornithes." Kevin Padian (2007) used a node-based definition, defined the Allosauroidea as ''Allosaurus'', ''Sinraptor'', their most recent common ancestor, and all of its descendants. Thomas R. Holtz and colleagues (2004; p. 100) and Phil Currie and Ken Carpenter (2000), among others, have followed this node-based definition. However, in some analyses (such as Currie & Carpenter, 2000), the placement of the carcharodontosaurids relative to the allosaurids and sinraptorids is uncertain, and therefore it is uncertain whether or not they are allosauroids (Currie & Carpenter, 2000).
The cladogram presented here is simplified after the 2012 analysis by Carrano, Benson and Sampson after the exclusion of three "wildcard" taxa ''Poekilopleuron'', ''Xuanhanosaurus'' and ''Streptospondylus''.〔
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抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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