| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Cardinal-nephew ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Cardinal-nephew
A cardinal-nephew ((ラテン語:cardinalis nepos);〔Cardinale, Hyginus Eugene. 1976. ''The Holy See and the International Order''. Maclean-Hunter Press. p. 133.〕 (イタリア語:cardinale nipote);〔Burckhardt, Jacob, and Middlemore, Samuel George Chetwynd. 1892. ''The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy''. Sonnenschein. p. 107.〕 (スペイン語:valido de su tío); (フランス語:prince de fortune))〔Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 114. Modern French scholarly literature uses the term "''(cardinal-neveu )''".〕 is a cardinal elevated by a Pope who is that cardinal's uncle, or, more generally, his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries.〔Bunson, Matthew. 1995. "(Cardinal Nephew )". ''The Pope Encyclopedia''. Crown Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0-517-88256-6.〕 The word ''nepotism'' originally referred specifically to this practice, when it appeared in the English language about 1669.〔Oxford English Dictionary has, as its first citation, Pepys' writing about a family reading of Gregorio Leti's ''Il Nipotismo di Roma, or, The History of the Popes Nephews: from the time of Sixtus IV, anno 1471, to the death of the late Pope Alexander VII, anno 1667''. September 2003. "(Nepotism )"〕 From the middle of the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull (a papal charter), ''Romanum decet pontificem'' (1692), a Pope without a cardinal-nephew was the exception to the rule.〔Until Pope Innocent XII, the only other exceptions were Popes who did not appoint cardinals (Pope Pius III, Pope Marcellus II, Pope Urban VII, Pope Leo XI) and Pope Adrian VI (who appointed one cardinal).〕 Every Renaissance Pope who created cardinals appointed a relative to the College of Cardinals, and the nephew was the most common choice,〔Vidmar, John. 2005. ''The Catholic Church Through The Ages: A History''. Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-4234-1. p. 170. Vidmar gives the exception of Nicholas V, who elevated his half-brother Filippo Calandrini on December 20, 1448 (see: Salvator, 1998, "(15th Century (1404–1503) )").〕 although one of Alexander VI's creations was his own son.
The institution of the cardinal-nephew evolved over seven centuries, tracking developments in the history of the papacy and the styles of individual Popes. From 1566 until 1692, a cardinal-nephew held the curial office of the Superintendent of the Ecclesiastical State, known as the Cardinal Nephew, and thus the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. The curial office of the Cardinal Nephew as well as the institution of the cardinal-nephew declined as the power of the Cardinal Secretary of State increased and the temporal power of Popes decreased in the 17th and 18th centuries.
The list of cardinal-nephews includes at least fifteen, and possibly as many as nineteen Popes〔S. Miranda: (Consistory of 1127 ), citing some older authors such as Alphonsus Ciacconius, says that Pope Anastasius IV (Corrado della Suburra) was probably a nephew of his elevator Honorius II; however, modern scholars (Brixius, p. 36 and 78; Klewitz, p. 128; Hüls, p. 128 and 201; Zenker, pp. 46–48) are in agreement that Corrado was created by Paschalis II, and deny or do not mention his relationship with Honorius II.〕 (Gregory IX, Alexander IV, Adrian V, Gregory XI, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, Eugene IV, Paul II, Alexander VI, Pius III, Julius II, Leo X, Clement VII, Benedict XIII, and Pius VII; perhaps also John XIX and Benedict IX, if they were really promoted cardinals; as well as Innocent III and Benedict XII, if in fact they were related to their elevators); one antipope (John XXIII); and two or three saints (Charles Borromeo, Guarinus of Palestrina, and perhaps Anselm of Lucca, if he was really a cardinal).
== History ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Cardinal-nephew」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|