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Carnelian
Carnelian (also spelled cornelian〔Websters New World College Dictionary. Fourth Edition. 2001. Editor in chief Michael Agnes.〕) is a brownish-red mineral which is commonly used as a semi-precious gemstone. Similar to carnelian is sard, which is generally harder and darker (the difference is not rigidly defined, and the two names are often used interchangeably). Both carnelian and sard are varieties of the silica mineral chalcedony colored by impurities of iron oxide. The color can vary greatly, ranging from pale orange to an intense almost-black coloration. It is most commonly found in Brazil, India, Siberia, and Germany.
==History==
The bow drill was used to drill holes into carnelian in Mehrgarh between 4th-5th millennium BC.〔Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). ''A History of India''. Routledge. 22. ISBN 0-415-32920-5.〕
Carnelian was recovered from Bronze Age Minoan layers at Knossos on Crete in a form that demonstrated its use in decorative arts;〔C. Michael Hogan, (''Knossos fieldnotes'', Modern Antiquarian (2007) )〕 this use dates to approximately 1800 BC. Carnelian was used widely during Roman times to make engraved gems for signet or seal rings for imprinting a seal with wax on correspondence or other important documents. Hot wax does not stick to carnelian.〔Section 12 of the translation of ''Weilue'' - a 3rd-century Chinese text by John Hill under "carnelian" and note 12.12 (17)〕 Sard was used for Assyrian cylinder seals, Egyptian and Phoenician scarabs, and early Greek and Etruscan gems. The Hebrew odem (translated sardius), the first stone in the High Priest's breastplate, was a red stone, probably sard but perhaps red jasper.〔
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