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Carnism
Carnism is a term coined by psychologist Melanie Joy to describe the ideology that supports the use of animals for food, clothing or other consumer products. The argument holds that carnism is a dominant belief system supported by a variety of defence mechanisms and mostly unchallenged assumptions.〔〔Dhont, Kristof; Hodson, Gordon (2014). ("Why do right-wing adherents engage in more animal exploitation and meat consumption?" ), ''Personality and Individual Differences'', 64, July (pp. 12–17), p. 4. 〕〔Kool, V. K.; Agrawal, Rita (2009). "The Psychology of Nonkilling," in Joám Evans Pim (ed.),''Toward a Nonkilling Paradigm'', Center for Global Nonkilling, pp. (353–356 ).〕 Joy coined the term in 2001 and developed the idea in her book ''Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows'' (2009).〔Joy, Melanie (2011) (). ''Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows: An Introduction to Carnism''. Conari Press, p. 9. ISBN 1573245054.〕〔Rose, Marla (8 November 2010). ("An Interview with Dr. Melanie Joy" ), ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' Advocacy for Animals.〕〔Schott, Ben (11 January 2010). ("Carnism" ), Schott's Vocab, ''The New York Times''.〕
Central to the ideology, according to this view, is the acceptance of meat-eating as "natural, normal, necessary, and nice." An important feature of carnism is the classification of only particular species of animal as food, and the acceptance of practices toward those animals that would be rejected as unacceptable cruelty if applied to other species. This classification is culturally relative, so that, for example, dogs are eaten in China but may be family members in the West, while cows are eaten in the West but protected in much of India.〔
Another aspect is known as the meat paradox, namely that most people care about animals but embrace diets that involve harming them.〔 Psychologists suggest that this conflict between beliefs and behavior leads to cognitive dissonance, which they say meat-eaters relieve by avoiding consideration of the provenance of animal products, and by ascribing reduced sentience, cognitive ability and moral standing to animals they regard as food.〔Loughnan, Steve; Bratanova, Boyka; Puvia, Elisa (2011). ("The Meat Paradox: How Are We Able to Love Animals and Love Eating Animals?" ), ''In-Mind Italia'', 1, pp. 15–18.〕〔〔
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