|
José Venustiano Carranza Garza ((:benusˈtjano kaˈransa); 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920) was one of the main leaders of the Mexican Revolution, whose victorious northern revolutionary Constitutionalist Army, defeated the counter-revolutionary regime of Victoriano Huerta (February 1913-July 1914) and then defeated fellow revolutionaries after Huerta's ouster. He secured power in Mexico, serving the head of state 1915-1917. With the promulgation of a new revolutionary Mexican Constitution of 1917, he was elected president, serving 1917 to 1920. Known as the "Primer Jefe" or "First Chief" of the Constitutionalists, Carranza was a shrewd politician rather than a military man. He supported Francisco I. Madero's challenge to the Díaz regime in the 1910 elections and Madero's Plan de San Luis Potosí to nullify the elections and overthrow Díaz by force. He was appointed governor of his home state of Coahuila by Madero. When Madero was murdered in February 1913, Carranza drew up the Plan de Guadalupe, a purely political plan to oust Huerta. Carranza became the leader of northern forces opposed to Huerta. He went on to lead the Constitutionalist faction to victory and become president of Mexico. Carranza was from a rich, northern landowning family; despite his position as head of the northern revolutionary movement, he was concerned that Mexico's land tenure not be fundamentally restructured by the Revolution. He was far more conservative than either Southern peasant leader Emiliano Zapata or Northern revolutionary general Pancho Villa. Once firmly in power in Mexico, Carranza sought to eliminate his political rivals. Carranza won recognition from the United States, but took strongly nationalist positions. During his administration, the current constitution of Mexico was drafted and adopted. Carranza did not implement its most radical elements, such as empowerment of labor, use of the state to expropriate foreign enterprises, land reform in Mexico, or suppression of the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico. In the 1920 election, in which he could not succeed himself, he attempted to impose a virtually unknown, civilian politician, Ignacio Bonillas, as president of Mexico. Northern generals, who held real power, rose up against Carranza under the Plan of Agua Prieta, and Carranza was assassinated fleeing Mexico City.〔Enrique Krauze, ''Mexico: Biography of Power'', especially chapter 13, "Venustiano Carranza: Nationalism and the Constitution," New York: HarperCollins 1997.〕 ==Early years, 1859–1887== Carranza was born in the town of Cuatro Ciénegas, in the state of Coahuila, in 1859,〔Margaret Maud McKellar, Dolores L. Latorre, "Life on a Mexican ranch", Lehigh University Press, 1994, pg. 227, ()〕 to an upper middle-class cattle-ranching family.〔 His father, Jesús Carranza Neira, had been a rancher and mule driver until the time of the Reform War (1857–1861), in which he fought against the Indians and on the Liberal side.〔Krauze, ''Mexico: Biography of Power'', p. 335.〕〔Michael S. Werner, "Concise encyclopedia of Mexico", Taylor & Francis, 2001, pg. 68, ()〕 During the Franco-Mexican War (1861–1867), Jesús Carranza became a colonel〔 and was Benito Juárez's main contact in Coahuila. There was a strong personal connection between the two, with Carranza lending Juárez money while Juárez was in exile. Following the ouster of the French, Juárez rewarded Carranza with land, which became the basis of his fortune in Coahuila.〔 Because of his family's wealth, Venustiano, the eleventh of fifteen children, was able to attend excellent schools in Saltillo and Mexico City.〔 Venustiano studied at the ''Ateneo Fuente'', a famous Liberal school in Saltillo. In 1874 he went to the ''Escuela Nacional Preparatoria'' (National Preparatory School) in Mexico City, where he had aspirations to be a doctor.〔Krauze, ''Mexico: Biography of Power'' p. 335.〕 Carranza was still there in 1876 when Porfirio Díaz issued the Plan of Tuxtepec, which marked the beginning of Porfirio Díaz's rebellion against President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada under the slogan "No Re-election" (Lerdo had served one term as president). Díaz's troops defeated Lerdo's, and Díaz and his armies marched into Mexico City in triumph. Upon completion of his studies, Carranza returned to Coahuila to raise cattle, since he had an eye disease that prevented him becoming a doctor.〔 He married Virginia Salinas in 1882, and the couple had two daughters. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Venustiano Carranza」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|