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Cartaz
Cartaz (plural cartazes, in Portuguese) was a naval trade license or pass issued by the Portuguese in the Indian ocean during the sixteenth century (circa 1502-1750), under the rule of the Portuguese empire. It shared similarities with the British ''navicert'' system of 1939-45.〔Boxer, Charles Ralph (1969). The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825. p. 48. Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-131071-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=BChmAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1.〕 Its name derives from the portugueses cartas mesinha letter.
== Background ==
The licensing of vessels by the Portuguese was initiated by Prince Henry the Navigator in 1443,〔In 1443 Prince Pedro, Henry's brother, granted him the monopoly of navigation, war and trade in the lands south of Cape Bojador. Later this law would be enforced by the Bulls Dum Diversas (1452) and Romanus Pontifex (1455)〕 with the consent of the king and the Pope, when he decreed a monopoly on navigation in the west African coast, starting a Portuguese ''Mare clausum'' policy in the Atlantic Ocean. Ships began to be licensed by Portugal, which authorized and supported navigation, in exchange for part of the profits (usually 20%, "the fifth"), encouraging investment in exploration travels by Portuguese and foreigners.〔M. D. D. Newitt, "A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400-1668", Routledge, 2005, ISBN 0-415-23980-X, p.24-25, 30.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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