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Cartouche
In Egyptian hieroglyphs, a cartouche ()〔The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) ISBN 0-19-861263-X - p.281 "cartouche /kɑː'tuːʃ/ noun a carved tablet or drawing...''Arcaeology'' an oval or oblong enclosing a group of Egyptian hieroglyphs, typically representing the name and title of a monarch.".〕 is an oval with a horizontal line at one end, indicating that the text enclosed is a royal name,〔 coming into use during the beginning of the Fourth Dynasty under Pharaoh Sneferu. While the cartouche is usually vertical with a horizontal line, it is sometimes horizontal if it makes the name fit better, with a vertical line on the left. The Ancient Egyptian word for it was ''shenu'', and it was essentially an expanded shen ring. In Demotic, the cartouche was reduced to a pair of brackets and a vertical line.
Of the five royal titularies it was the ''prenomen'', the throne name, and the "Son of Ra" titulary,〔(Ancient-egypt.org )〕 the so-called ''nomen'' name given at birth, which were enclosed by a cartouche.〔Allen, James Peter, ''Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs'', Cambridge University Press 2000, p.65〕
At times amulets were given the form of a cartouche displaying the name of a king and placed in tombs. Such items are often important to archaeologists for dating the tomb and its contents.〔cf. Thomas Eric Peet, William Leonard Stevenson Loat, ''The Cemeteries of Abydos. Part 3. 1912-1913'', Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN 1-4021-5715-0, p.23〕 Cartouches were formerly only worn by Pharaohs. The oval surrounding their name was meant to protect them from evil spirits in life and after death. The cartouche has become a symbol representing good luck and protection from evil. Egyptians believed that one who had their name recorded somewhere would not disappear after death. A cartouche attached to a coffin satisfied this requirement. There were periods in Egyptian history when people refrained from inscribing these amulets with a name, for fear they might fall into somebody's hands conferring power over the bearer of the name.〔Alfred Wiedemann, ''Religion of the Ancient Egyptians'', Adamant Media Corporation 2001, ISBN 1-4021-9366-1, pp.293-295〕
==Etymology==
The term ''cartouche'' was first applied by soldiers who fancied that the symbol they saw so frequently repeated on the pharaonic ruins they encountered resembled a muzzle-loading firearm's paper powder cartridge (フランス語:''cartouche'' in French).〔White, Jon Manchip, ''Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt'', Courier Dover 2002, p.175〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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