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Caudillo
A ''caudillo'' ((:kawˈdiʎo); Old Spanish: ''cabdillo'', from Latin ''capitellum'', diminutive of ''caput'' "head") was a military-landowner that possessed political power and exercised it in a form considered authoritarian by detractors. The term can be translated into English as ''leader'' or ''chief'', or more pejoratively as ''warlord'', ''dictator'' or ''strongman'' and has been used to refer to charismatic populist leaders. ''Caudillos'' were very influential in the history of Hispanic America and have a legacy that has influenced political movements in the modern day.
The term originally described leaders possessing military power, such as Indibilis and Mandonius, Viriathus, Almanzor (sometimes in the modern historiography), Don Pelayo and other fighters of the ''Reconquista'', and others such as Simón Bolivar, Francisco Franco and Juan Perón. In Hispanic America, another sense developed of the ''caudillo'' as a demagogic lawyer and politician, with the populist Jorge Eliécer Gaitán having been honored with the title "Caudillo of The Colombian People". Other uses of the term referred to leaders without state responsibilities like ''cacique'' in Spain and those wielding oligarchical–plutocratic power.
==Origin==
The related ''caudillismo'' is a cultural phenomenon that first appeared during the early 19th century in revolutionary South America, as a type of militia leader with a charismatic personality and enough of a populist program of generic future reforms to gain broad sympathy, at least at the outset, among the common people. Effective ''caudillismo'' depends on a personality cult.
The root of ''caudillismo'' lies in Spanish colonial policy of supplementing small cadres of professional, full-time soldiers with large militia forces recruited from local populations to maintain public order. Militiamen held civilian occupations but assembled at regular times for drill and inspection. Their salary from the Crown was a token; their reward was in prestige, primarily because of the ''fuero militar'' ("military privilege"), that exempted them from certain taxes and obligatory community work assignments (compare the feudal ''corvée''), and more significantly, exempted them from criminal or civil prosecution. Away from colonial capitals, the militias were at the service of the ''criollo'' landowners.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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