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The Causinae are a monotypic subfamily of venomous vipers found only in sub-Saharan Africa.〔 It was created for the genus ''Causus'', a group considered to be among the most primitive members of the family Viperidae based on head scalation, oviparity, venom apparatus, and because they have round pupils.〔〔 However, this is contradicted by recent molecular studies.〔Nagy ZT, Vidal N, Vences M, Branch WR, Pauwels OSG, Wink M, Joger U. 2005. Molecular systematics of African Colubroidea (Squamata: Serpentes) In: Huber BA, Sinclair BJ, Lampe KH (Eds.). African Biodiversity: Molecules, Organisms, Ecosystems. Proc. 5th Intern. Symp. Trop. Biol. Museum Koenig, Bonn, pp. 221-228.〕〔Wüster W, Peppin L, Pook CE, Walker DE. 2008. A nesting of vipers: phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Viperidae (Squamata: Serpentes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49: 445-459.〕 Six species are currently recognized.〔, 〕 They are commonly known as night adders.〔Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers''. Krieger Publishing Company. Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.〕〔Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. ''The Dangerous Snakes of Africa''. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.〕'' ==Description== These snakes are fairly stout, never growing to more than in total length.〔 As opposed to most vipers, where the head is distinct from the neck and covered with small scales, in ''Causus'' the head is only slightly distinct from the neck and covered with 9 large, symmetrical head shields. Also, the eyes have round pupils instead of elliptical ones like other vipers. The rostral scale is broad, sometimes pointed or upturned. The nostril is located between two nasals and an internasal. The frontal and supraocular scales are long. A loreal scale is present, separating the nasal and preoculars. The suboculars are separated from the supralabials. The mandible has splenial and angular elements.〔 The fangs are different, too. Unlike other vipers, no hinge action occurs where the prefrontal bone engages the frontal. However, since the maxillary bones rotate almost as far, the fangs can still be erected. The fangs themselves are relatively short. A fine line, or suture, is also present along the length of the fang, representing the vestigial edge where the groove lips meet (from incomplete fang canal closure).〔 The body is cylindrical or slightly depressed and moderately slender. The dorsal scales are smooth or weakly keeled with apical pits. The ventral scales are rounded, and the anal plate is single. The tail is short, and the subcaudals can be either single or paired.〔 Among the viperids, another unique characteristic of this genus is several species have venom glands that are not confined to the temporal area as with most vipers, but are exceptionally long and extend well down the neck.〔 These venom glands, located on either side of the spine, may be up to 10 cm in length, with long ducts connecting them to the fangs.〔Stidworthy J. 1974. ''Snakes of the World''. Grosset & Dunlap Inc. 160 pp. ISBN 0-448-11856-4.〕 Other internal differences also set the Causinae apart: they have unusually long kidneys, a well-developed tracheal lung with two tracheal arteries, and the liver overlaps the tip of the heart.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Causinae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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